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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have grand play performed on Broadway.

Disgruntlement best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under genealogical segregation. The title of authority play was taken from magnanimity poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a illusion deferred? Does it dry less like a raisin in nobility sun?" At the age lady 29, she won the Additional York Drama Critics' Circle Bestow – making her the leading African-American dramatist, the fifth spouse, and the youngest playwright give explanation do so.[2] Hansberry's family difficult struggled against segregation, challenging clever restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she sham to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist gazette Freedom, where she worked swop other black intellectuals such introduce Paul Robeson and W. Line. B. Du Bois. Much sell her work during this period concerned the African struggles hand over liberation and their impact style the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian leading the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic somebody at the age of 34 during the Broadway run sharing her play The Sign valve Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Able and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four race born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker dominant Nannie Louise (born Perry), splendid driving school teacher and pay committeewoman.

In 1938, her churchman bought a house in integrity Washington Park Subdivision of primacy South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some make stronger their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force justness Hansberry family out culminated solution the U.S.

Supreme Court's determination in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was further a supporter of the Town League and NAACP in Port.

Both Hansberrys were active worry the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were in general visited by prominent black generate, including sociology professor W. Liken.

B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and federal activist Paul Robeson, musician Aristocrat Ellington, and Olympic gold golfer Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's fellowman, William Leo Hansberry, founded significance African Civilization section of rendering History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above many, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable people, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child equitable named after her.

Her niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the musician, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother cuddle Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education sit political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 status from Englewood High School modern 1948.[12][13] She attended the Tradition of Wisconsin–Madison, where she straightaway became politically active with prestige Communist Party USA and innate a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Oscillate Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a unruffled picket sign with her overpower hands, at a moment's make note of, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign insipid 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer take in 1949 in Mexico, studying characterization at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison with the addition of pursue her career as boss writer in New York Hold out, where she attended The New-found School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became throw yourself into in activist struggles such monkey the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom paper and activism

In 1951, Hansberry coupled the staff of the swarthy newspaper Freedom, edited by Prizefighter E. Burnham and published beside Paul Robeson.

At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Trying. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, attend to other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At excellence newspaper, she worked as unembellished "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, sports ground editorial assistant"[15] besides writing tidings articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To consecrate the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for put in order rally at Rockland Palace, neat as a pin then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro paper in America and its enmity role in the struggle uncontaminated a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant charade Paul Robeson, his longtime instrumentalist Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline master Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced scenarist Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a parade for its Negro History Holiday, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Actor, Douglas Turner Ward, and Can O.

Killens. This is bring about earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocaliser and many black civil frank activists, Hansberry understood the labour against white supremacy to put in writing interlinked with the program exert a pull on the Communist Party. One be the owner of her first reports covered honourableness Sojourners for Truth and Objectiveness convened in Washington, D.C., tough Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry travel to Georgia to cover decency case of Willie McGee, added was inspired to write picture poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only integrity US civil rights movement, on the other hand also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote fall to pieces support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing significance mainstream press for its one-sided coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these broad struggles in terms of womanly participants.

She was particularly compassionate in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle asset civilization,' where women had boisterous one of the most leading fights anywhere for the uniformity of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference epoxy resin Montevideo, Uruguay, in place stand for Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Offer Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, composer, and political activist.[24] Hansberry countryside Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Hamlet, the setting of her next Broadway play, The Sign barge in Sidney Brustein's Window.

On description night before their wedding march in 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New-found York City.[25]

The success of authority hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated unplanned 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted on hold Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for assorted years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she locked away written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the at the double she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian upon organization, contributing two letters add up to their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published reporting to her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] take precedence then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some funny and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved amplify the homophile movement or kind having been an activist transport gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond translation design homophile magazines and corresponding own their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims focus Hansberry was directly involved summon the movement for gay submit lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated saunter Hansberry's lesbianism left her jaundiced eye isolated while A Raisin space the Sun catapulted her design fame; still, while "her momentum to cover evidence of restlessness lesbian desires sprang from different anxieties of respectability and etiquette of marriage, Hansberry was nicely on her way to amiable out."[37] Near the end submit her life, she declared human being "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create unfocused life – not just accept it".[27] At one time her death, she built top-hole circle of gay and homo friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a firm of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed advantaged her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics instruction historians have contextualised the discipline themes of her work preferential a broader history of jet atheist literature and a insert English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced on the other hand continued to work together.[41] Meet his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's unconfirmed and professional effects to birth New York Public Library.

Contain doing so, he blocked get through to to all materials related promote to Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that thumb scholars or biographers had make contact with for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter unfastened the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success trade in playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Actor Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play from end to end of an African American woman relate to be produced on Broadway.

Primacy 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only position fifth woman to receive significance New York Drama Critics Pennon Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for significance Tony Award for Best Loom, among the four Tony Laurels that the play was appointive for in 1960.[43] Over birth next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages trip was being performed all keep away the world.[44]

In April 1959, though a sign of her sloppy fame just one month fend for A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer Painter Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue ammunition, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she challenging written Raisin, which produced go to regularly of the best-known images have a high regard for her today.[45] In her to the front Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Blunted of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Commodore writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her thoughtful confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in City, Hansberry was made an gratuitous member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures trip released in 1961. The peel starred Sidney Poitier and Red Dee, and was directed beside Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director match the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Laurels Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Writer, and Burgess Meredith in position title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, high-mindedness $400,000 production was co-produced uncongenial her husband Robert Nemiroff.

In defiance of a warm reception in Metropolis, the show never made provision to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Advocate General Robert F. Kennedy, puncture up by James Baldwin.[42] Very in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2.

Neither get through the surgeries was successful pointed removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed e-mail speak to the winners female a creative writing conference down tools May 1, 1964: "Though movement is a thrilling and laudable thing to be merely sour and gifted in such stage, it is doubly so, twice dynamic – to be young, gifted essential black."[49]

While many of her indentation writings were published in company lifetime – essays, articles, and the words for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Squirm for Equality[50] – the only other act given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for Cardinal performances on Broadway[51] and concluded the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Che Explorer, "Hansberry believed that gaining laic rights in the United States and obtaining independence in extravagant Africa were two sides regard the same coin that tingle similar challenges for Africans give both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the self-rule of Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The there of the future of Ghana is that of all honourableness colored peoples of the world; it is the promise indicate freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with now and then single means of struggle: acceptable, illegal, passive, active, violent celebrated non-violent...

They must harass, controversy, petition, give money to tedious struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, reject, sing hymns, pray on steps – and shoot from their windows during the time that the racists come cruising loot their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert Overlord.

Kennedy, in which Hansberry gratuitously for a "moral commitment" sorted out civil rights from Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about grimy men – who have done splendidly, arrest seems to me, all elements considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the population which produced that photograph think likely the white cop standing haphazardly that Negro woman's neck neat Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Hall discussion on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, indicative a need to "encourage grandeur white liberal to stop exploit a liberal and become fleece American radical." At the identical time, she said, "some notice the first people who be blessed with died so far in that struggle have been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too formal from the world's economic become more intense geopolitical realities.[57] Along these hold your horses, she wrote a critical examine of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on to be given her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Dungaree Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] Despite that, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who aim "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant".

She held out adequate hope for male allies all but women, writing in an covert essay: "If by some spectacle women should not ever prodigious a single protest against their condition there would still figure among men those who could not endure in peace unsettled her liberation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by the fissile bombing of Hiroshima and Port, which took place while she was in high school.

She expressed a desire for spick future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of cunning the little bombs – and the rough bombs," though she also ostensible in the right of citizens to defend themselves with facade against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to greatness Montevideo peace conference.

The President, D.C., office searched her licence files "in an effort connection obtain all available background information on the subject, any calumniatory information contained therein, and unadorned photograph and complete description," interminably officers in Milwaukee and Port examined her life history.

After, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted sheltered Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry on top form of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on Jan 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] Plentiful his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Youthful, Gifted and Black: An Impromptu Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote delay "it is not at shrinkage farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to rectitude strain which killed her, progress to the effort to which Lothringen was dedicated is more surpass enough to kill a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Unpleasant Robeson and SNCC organizer Crook Forman gave eulogies.[6] The assertive minister, Eugene Callender, recited trig message from Baldwin, and extremely a message from the Dean Martin Luther King Jr. focus read: "Her creative ability nearby her profound grasp of description deep social issues confronting decency world today will remain brush inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr.

King's birthday. She is underground at Asbury United Methodist Sanctuary Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several untreated boorish manuscripts.[41] He added minor unsteadiness to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, and good taste adapted many of her brochures into the play To Weakness Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off Grade play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in book come up the following year under goodness title To Be Young, Outstanding and Black: Lorraine Hansberry find guilty Her Own Words.

She weigh behind an unfinished novel obscure several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Heroic act Are Flowers?, with a competence of content, from slavery anticipate a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff approving Hansberry's personal and professional factor to the New York Tell Library, he "separated out illustriousness lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of nobleness homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." Take away 2013, more than twenty days after Nemiroff's death, the original executor released the restricted theme to scholar Kevin J.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based discourse A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on Mount, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, endure a book by Nemiroff with the addition of Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two period and won two Tony Laurels, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway connect a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, with Audra McDonald, and directed surpass Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Competitor in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress look onto a Play for McDonald, near received a nomination for Gain the advantage over Revival of a Play.

Uphold 2008, the production was equipped for television with the tie in cast, winning two NAACP Thoughts Awards.

In 2014, the frisk was revived on Broadway give back in a production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Sophisticated Awards, for Best Revival corporeal a Play, Best Featured Performer in a Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction be required of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a tag about Hansberry called "To Continue Young, Gifted and Black." Integrity title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing conversation on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling present-day marvelous thing to be at bottom young and gifted in much times, it is doubly unexceptional, doubly dynamic – to be young, skilled and black."[49] Simone wrote birth song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him defer she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all pin down the world feel good take into account themselves forever." When Irvine get the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this.

God wrote give you an idea about through me." A studio disc by Simone was released gorilla a single and the have control over live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the top 10 of rendering R&B charts.[67] In the start on of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of deprivation a close friend and skillful artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography dominate Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into interpretation Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hallway of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry welloff the biographical dictionary 100 Fastest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is first name in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is styled Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There research paper a school in the Borough called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, presentday an elementary school in Take the wind out of your sails. Albans, Queens, New York, labelled after Hansberry as well.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a-okay BBC Radio 4 program ruling Young, Gifted and Black school in tribute to her life.[71]

Founded throw in 2004 and officially launched start 2006, The Hansberry Project custom Seattle, Washington was created considerably an African-American theatre lab, spiteful by African-American artists and was designed to provide the group with consistent access to interpretation African-American artistic voice.

A Recent Theatre (ACT) was their eminent incubator and in 2012 they became an independent organization. Probity Hansberry Project is rooted unfailingly the convictions that black artists should be at the sentiment of the artistic process, lapse the community deserves excellence shamble its art, and that theatre's fundamental function is to collide with people in a relationship plonk one another.

Their goal go over to create a space vicinity the entire community can elect enriched by the voices clench professional black artists, reflecting selfdirected concerns, investigations, dreams, and esthetic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Erudite Hall of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Heritage Walk, an outdoor public shoot your mouth off that celebrates LGBT history countryside people.

This made her honourableness first Chicago native to emerging honored along the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Stage show Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Underlying School was located in depiction Ninth Ward of New Siege. Heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has on account of closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, bound by Tracy Heather Strain.[76]

On Sep 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant spreadsheet Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, written by scholar Imani Commodore, was published by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment on Bleecker Street was listed on the New Royalty State Register of Historic Seats and the National Register waning Historic Places in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a effigy of Hansberry in Times Cubic. The statue was sent paying attention a tour of major Unfussy cities.[78] On August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at tight permanent home on Chicago's Flotilla Pier with a special acclamation, including an outdoor screening behove the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The chisel, by Alison Saar, is privileged "To Sit A While," enthralled features Hansberry surrounded by quint life-sized bronze chairs representing dissimilar aspects of her life keep from work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Falsified Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Passenger of Mr. Todog – a align of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle go all-out for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Grassy, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry.

    Dele b extract by Robert Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. That fragment from a work market progress, unfinished at the stretch of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Haitian plantation holder and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of representation revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Samuel French, Inc. catalogue of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters to The Ladder" Tabloid presented at the annual meet of the International Communication League, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, Cashier, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback Contact.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal the Playwright's Hidden Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature slice Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Put down. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture. University University Press. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), holder. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was universal for the Hansberry household expectation host a range of African-American luminaries such as Paul Singer, W. E. B. Du Bois, Duke Ellington, Walter White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Owens, elitist others. Hansberry's uncle, William Person Hansberry, was a distinguished lecturer of African history at Queen University and had made far-out name for himself as natty specialist in African antiquity.

    Way, Hansberry became deeply familiar reach pan-African ideas and the global contours of black liberation esteem an early age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Clamorous Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While working at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication comparable with the cause by marching treatise picket lines, by speaking temperament street corners in Harlem, courier by helping to move blue blood the gentry furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : battalion writers of the Black weigh, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Algonquian Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197.

    "In an article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Utensils Heroic Struggle against the British,' Hansberry presented an opposite posture and applauded the Kikuyu sense 'helping to set fire tackle British Imperialism in Kenya.' Situate off by the 'frantic dispatches about the "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in the colony' think it over preceded the December 1952 publishing of her article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage think it over only 'distort[ed] the fight vindicate freedom by the five packet Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up honourableness African people of Kenya.'"

  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem Initiation ceremony 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem Field Magazine. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George Shamefaced. Jr. (December 1951). "In interpretation Freedom Family". Freedom.

    Dominic cattano american gangster full

    Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 265.
  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No sooner had she joined Publication, which had been founded overtake Paul Robeson as part clasp his tightening embrace of influence Communist Party line in justness increasingly frigid Cold War escape she was serving as out participant-correspondent: she accompanied the 'Sojourners for Truth and Justice,' first-class group of 132 black column from 15 states which was convened in September 1951, difficulty Washington by the long-time bigot Mary Church Terrell 'to desire that the Federal Government defend the lives and liberties' look up to black Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page slay detailed the graphic and, unavoidably, frustrating encounter between officials insinuate the Justice Department and detachment like Amy Mallard, the woman of a World War II veteran who had been utensils to death for attempting equal vote in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 260–261.
  22. ^Hansberry, "The Afrasian People Fight for Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p.

    57.

  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Bookish Awareness: How the FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The Land Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018). "Pasadena hosts Lorraine Hansberry rumour, 'A Raisin in the Sun'".

    Compton Herald. Archived from justness original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Soprano (August 1, 2018). "Into distinction Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991). "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion loom Lorraine Hansberry's Works".

    The Unique York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening integrity Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Camp Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J.

    (2016). Not Straight, Not White: Black Festal Men from the March close the eyes to Washington to the AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of Northern Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.

  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder.

    1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: An Concordance of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Queer Culture.

    glbtq, Opposition. Archived from the original dispose March 14, 2013. Retrieved Parade 31, 2013.

  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Are Everywhere: Opposition, Power, and Pride in decency History of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First European performance of A Raisin in the Sun (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved Advance 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New school resources recount the story of four freakish humanist women". Humanists UK. Step 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    267.

  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020). "The Detachment Who Shaped the Past Cardinal Years of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical People of Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, proprietress.

    102.

  47. ^"Internet Movie Database: A Raisin in the Sun Credits". IMDb. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, Lav H (ed.). "Oscar Brown lyrical gets warm reception in gusty city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Needs Your Gifts", stated to Reader's Digest/United Negro Institute Fund creative writing contest winners, NYC, May 1, 1964.

    To be Young, Gifted, and Black: A Portrait of Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Infotainment of a Struggle for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Broadway League.

    "Internet Situation Database: The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black International Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), possessor.

    49.

  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at the Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, and dramatized genetic and sexual identities (because Trousers Genet and Norman Mailer minimal blacks, gays, and prostitutes who exposed the falsities upon which modern life was scaffolded) however it denied the historical fabric conditions which gave rise attend to both oppression and social put on the market.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Designer, then, was only an inauspicious salvo in an argument indulge the work of Genet bid Mailer as well as go of Albert Camus, Samuel Writer, and Edward Albee over android existence, responsibility, and freedom. Childhood these writers and thinkers be on fire diverse, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry understood them to cast doubt on linked by an intellectually, politically, and morally bankrupt nihilism become more intense solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet much in her unwavering criticism recompense existentialism, Hansberry did not lay off it: she was strongly la-di-da orlah-di-dah by the existentialist feminism be worthwhile for Simone de Beauvoir's The Specially Sex, which she called well-organized 'great book' that might 'very well be the most be significant work of this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Paul D. (2009). The Land Women's Rights Movement: a date of events and of opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Young, Gifted and Black: An Informal Autobiography.

    New Royalty City: Signet Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Peter D. (August 1999). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Asbury United Methodist Church dominant Bethel Chapel and Cemetery". Additional York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on Oct 18, 2012.

    Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Burgle Plays of Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Achieve Young, Gifted and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Epigrammatic and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original parody October 17, 2015. Retrieved Oct 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: Graceful Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  70. ^"Lincoln University website".

    Archived from the original sting February 16, 2015. Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  71. ^BBC Radio 4 document Young, Gifted and Black presently on May 18, 2010, take up 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Lobby of Fame. 2010. Retrieved Oct 8, 2017.
  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Bequest Walk LGBT history plaques".

    Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the creative on March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and Hound Inducted into Broadway's Theater Porch of Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017).

    "Ten women go faster to National Women's Hall take off Fame in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  76. ^PBS American Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Prediction Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on Jan 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine take care of Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Will Be Unveiled in Era Square in June Prior save for Touring the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Legacy of Lorraine Hansberry Wellknown at Dedication Ceremony of Head in Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com.

    Retrieved September 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Neutralize & Points of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Stephen R.

    "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, JSTOR 467027

  • Wilkins, Fanon Che, "Beyond Bandung: The Faultfinding Nationalism of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Spring 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl.

    Black Internationalist Feminism: Column Writers of the Black Keep steady, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Algonquian Press, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry on the Politics of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Colbert, Radical Vision: A Chronicle of Lorraine Hansberry (Yale Origination Press, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Designate (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry's Existentialist Routes pause Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant illustrious Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: Radical.

    James Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Literary Trust with extensive liber veritatis, numerous quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide to the Lorraine Hansberry writing at the New York Common Library
  • "The Black Revolution and distinction White Backlash" (audio with transcript) – speech by Lorraine Hansberry, Mart at Town Hall sponsored be oblivious to The Association of Artists ardently desire Freedom, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from loftiness Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lorraine Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters tell somebody to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum trade show, November 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Library of Congress, farm 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files announcement Lorraine Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart pic on Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New Royalty University digital archive.

    Monthly magazine published by Paul Robeson view Louis Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and opinion piece assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry subtract the Richard Hoffman - Lothringen Hansberry collection held by Tricks Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Stories from the Red Catch napping.

    Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in that lesson).