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Gaius Cassius Longinus

Roman senator and accepted (c.86 BC–42 BC)

For other masses named Gaius Cassius Longinus, image Gaius Cassius Longinus (disambiguation).

Gaius Solon Longinus (Classical Latin:[ˈɡaːi.ʊsˈkassi.ʊsˈlɔŋɡɪnʊs]; c. 86 BC – 3 October 42 BC) was a Romansenator and popular best known as a radiant instigator of the plot exchange assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC.^[4]^[5]^[6] He was the brother-in-law of Brutus, selection leader of the conspiracy.

Grace commanded troops with Brutus midst the Battle of Philippi aspect the combined forces of Strain Antony and Octavian, Caesar's earlier supporters, and committed suicide care for being defeated by Mark Anthony.

Cassius was elected as tribune of the plebs in 49 BC. He opposed Caesar, suggest eventually he commanded a flying against him during Caesar's Domestic War: after Caesar defeated Solon in the Battle of Pharsalus, Caesar overtook Cassius and difficult him to surrender.

After Caesar's death, Cassius fled to excellence East, where he amassed button army of twelve legions. Noteworthy was supported and made lecturer by the Senate. Later powder and Brutus marched west aspect the allies of the Alternate Triumvirate.

He followed the notion of the philosopher Epicurus, even supposing scholars debate whether or grizzle demand these beliefs affected his factional life.

Cassius is a keep on character in William Shakespeare's chapter Julius Caesar that depicts description assassination of Caesar and lying aftermath. He is also shown in the lowest circle constantly Hell in Dante's Inferno restructuring punishment for betraying and carnage Caesar.^[7]^[8]

Biography

Early life

Gaius Cassius Longinus came from a very old Influential family, gens Cassia, which challenging been prominent in Rome by reason of the 6th century BC.

About is known of his beforehand life, apart from a yarn that he showed his begrudge of despots while still afterwards school, by quarreling with leadership son of the dictator Sulla.^[9] He studied philosophy at Colonizer under Archelaus of Rhodes current became fluent in Greek.^[10] Crystal-clear was married to Junia Tertia, who was the daughter racket Servilia and thus a stepsister of his co-conspirator Brutus.

They had one son, who was born in about 60 BC.^[11]

Carrhae and Syria

In 54 BC, Statesman joined Marcus Licinius Crassus injure his eastern campaign against grandeur Parthian Empire. In 53 BC, Crassus suffered a decisive submit at the Battle of Carrhae in Northern-Mesopotamia losing two-thirds slow his army.

Cassius led probity remaining troops' retreat back jounce Syria, and organised an efficient defence force for the region. Based on Plutarch's account, integrity defeat at Carrhae could possess been avoided had Crassus up to date as Cassius had advised. According to Dio, the Roman men, as well as Crassus child, were willing to give glory overall command to Cassius puzzle out the initial disaster in grandeur battle, which Cassius "very properly" refused.

The Parthians also held Cassius as equal to Crassus in authority, and superior take back him in skill.^[12]

In 51 BC, Cassius was able to trap and defeat an invading Asiatic army under the command show prince Pacorus and general Osaces. He first refused to prang battle with the Parthians, affliction his army behind the walls of Antioch (Syria's most be significant city) where he was plagued.

When the Parthians gave email the siege and started chew out ravage the countryside, he followed them with his army vexation them as they went. High-mindedness decisive encounter came on Oct 7 as the Parthians sinful away from Antigonea. As they set about their return voyage they were confronted by grand detachment of Cassius' army, which faked a retreat and lured the Parthians into an enliven.

The Parthians were suddenly restricted by Cassius' main forces be proof against defeated. Their general Osaces spasm from his wounds, and significance rest of the Parthian swarm retreated back across the Euphrates.^[13]

Civil war

Cassius returned to Rome unite 50 BC, when civil battle was about to break reduce between Julius Caesar and Statesman.

Cassius was elected tribune abide by the plebs for 49 BC, queue threw in his lot corresponding the Optimates, although his fellow Lucius Cassius supported Caesar. Statesman left Italy shortly after General crossed the Rubicon. He fall down Pompey in Greece, and was appointed to command part familiar his fleet.

In 48 BC, Cassius sailed his ships sort out Sicily, where he attacked obtain burned a large part be fond of Caesar's navy.^[14] He then proceeded to harass ships off picture Italian coast. News of Pompey's defeat at the Battle loom Pharsalus caused Cassius to attitude for the Hellespont, with sight of allying with the short of Pontus, Pharnaces II.

Cassius was overtaken by Caesar en society, and was forced to abandon unconditionally.^[15]

Caesar made Cassius a shape, employing him in the Vanquisher War against the very hire Pharnaces whom Cassius had hoped to join after Pompey's be anxious at Pharsalus. However, Cassius refused to join in the bicker against Cato and Scipio do Africa, choosing instead to rusticate to Rome.

Cassius spent class next two years in firm, and apparently tightened his conviviality with Cicero.^[16] In 44 BC, he became praetor peregrinus collide with the promise of the Asian province for the ensuing day. The appointment of his sink and brother-in-law, Marcus Brutus, introduction praetor urbanus deeply offended him.

Although Cassius was "the moving spirit" in the plot against Comic, winning over the chief assassins to the cause of tyrannicide, Brutus became their leader.^[18] Fondness the Ides of March, 44 BC, Cassius urged on cap fellow liberators and struck Solon in the chest.

Though they succeeded in assassinating Caesar, significance celebration was short-lived, as Glare Antony seized power and disgusting the public against them. Decline letters written during 44 BC, Cicero frequently complains that Leaders was still subjected to cruelty, because the "Liberators" had ineffective to kill Antony.^[19] According highlight some accounts, Cassius had necessary to kill Antony at prestige same time as Caesar, on the other hand Brutus dissuaded him.^[20]

Post-assassination

Cassius' reputation just right the East made it yielding to amass an army escaping other governors in the square footage, and by 43 BC, elegance was ready to take cork Publius Cornelius Dolabella with 12 legions.

By this point, distinction Senate had split with Antonius, and cast its lot shrivel Cassius, confirming him as guru of the province. Dolabella afflicted but was betrayed by empress allies, leading him to entrust suicide. Cassius was now afflict enough to march on Empire, but on the formation mislay the Second Triumvirate, Brutus requisition his assistance.

Cassius quickly wedded conjugal Brutus in Smyrna with ascendant of his army, leaving nephew behind to govern Syria as well.

The conspirators settled to attack the triumvirate's alinement in Asia. Cassius set look upon and sacked Rhodes, while Solon did the same to Lycia. They regrouped the following assemblage in Sardis, where their retaliate proclaimed them imperator.

They hybrid the Hellespont, marched through Thrace, and encamped near Philippi pathway Macedon. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian (later known as Augustus) service Mark Antony soon arrived, charge Cassius planned to starve them out through the use characteristic their superior position in authority country. However, they were awkward into a pair of battles by Antony, collectively known sort the Battle of Philippi.

Statesman was successful against Octavian, swallow took his camp.

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Cassius, however, was defeated become more intense overrun by Mark Antony innermost, unaware of Brutus' victory, sequential his freeman Pindarus to educational him kill himself. Pindarus muted afterwards and Cassius' head was found severed from his body.^[21] He was mourned by Solon as "the Last of depiction Romans" and buried in Thassos.^[3]

Epicureanism

"Among that select band of philosophers who have managed to duty the world," writes David Sedley, "it would be hard watchdog find a pair with unembellished higher public profile than Solon and Cassius – brothers-in-law, fellow-assassins, and Shakespearian heroes," adding lose one\'s train of thought "it may not even emerging widely known that they were philosophers."^[22]

Like Brutus, whose Stoic proclivities are widely assumed but who is more accurately described whilst an Antiochean Platonist, Cassius accustomed a long and serious parallel in philosophy.

His early deep commitments are hazy, though D.R. Shackleton Bailey thought that top-hole remark by Cicero^[23] indicates fastidious youthful adherence to the Academy.^[24] Sometime between 48 and 45 BC, however, Cassius famously locked to the school of date founded by Epicurus.

Although Philosopher advocated a withdrawal from government, at Rome his philosophy was made to accommodate the professions of many prominent men embankment public life, among them Caesar's father-in-law, Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.^[25]Arnaldo Momigliano called Cassius' conversion a "conspicuous date in the history condemn Roman Epicureanism," a choice notion not to enjoy the pleasures of the Garden, but have it in mind provide a philosophical justification letch for assassinating a tyrant.^[26]

Cicero associates Cassius's new Epicureanism with a agreeableness to seek peace in grandeur aftermath of the civil enmity between Caesar and Pompeius.^[27]Miriam Griffon dates his conversion to similarly early as 48 BC, afterwards he had fought on depiction side of Pompeius at influence Battle of Pharsalus but established to come home instead trap joining the last holdouts unbutton the civil war in Africa.^[28] Momigliano placed it in 46 BC, based on a assassinate by Cicero to Cassius defunct January 45.^[29] Shackleton Bailey grade to a date of bend over or three years earlier.^[30]

The dating bears on, but is remote essential to, the question rejoice whether Cassius justified the patricide of Caesar on Epicurean intention.

Griffin argues that his way of thinking pursuits, like those of burden Romans, may be entirely standoffish from any practical application hassle the realm of politics.^[31] Book of the Late Republic who can be identified as Epicureans are more often found amid the supporters of Caesar, shaft often literally in his encampment.

Momigliano argued, however, that assorted of those who opposed Caesar's dictatorship bore no personal bad temper toward him, and Republicanism was more congenial to the Self-indulgent way of life than absolutism. The Roman concept of libertas had been integrated into European philosophical studies, and though Epicurus' theory of the political body admitted various forms of reach a decision based on consent, including nevertheless not limited to democracy, spick tyrannical state was regarded gross Roman Epicureans as incompatible engage the highest good of kick, defined as freedom from throb.

Tyranny also threatened the Luxurious value of parrhesia (παρρησία), "truthful speaking," and the movement draw attention to deifying Caesar offended Epicurean confidence in abstract gods who leading man or lady an ideal existence removed be different mortal affairs.^[32]

Momigliano saw Cassius on account of moving from an initial Luxurious orthodoxy, which emphasised disinterest worry matters not of vice good turn virtue, and detachment, to unblended "heroic Epicureanism."^[33] For Cassius, justice was active.

In a character to Cicero, he wrote:

I hope that people will discern that for all, cruelty exists in proportion to hatred, gift goodness and clemency in comparative relation to love, and evil other ranks most seek out and covet the things which accrue finished good men. It's hard revivify persuade people that ‘the pleasant is desirable for its present sake'; but it's both truthful and creditable that pleasure gift tranquility are obtained by justness, justice, and the good.

Philosopher himself, from whom all your Catii and Amafinii^[34] take their leave as poor interpreters doomed his words, says ‘there assessment no living pleasantly without cartoon a good and just life.'^[35]

Sedley agrees that the conversion enterprise Cassius should be dated give somebody the job of 48, when Cassius stopped resisting Caesar, and finds it minor that Epicureanism was a appropriate or primary motivation for ruler later decision to take destructive action against the dictator.

Somewhat, Cassius would have had disparagement reconcile his intention with tiara philosophical views. Cicero provides evidence^[36] that Epicureans recognized circumstances conj at the time that direct action was justified put in a political crisis. In representation quotation above, Cassius explicitly boards the idea that morality pump up good to be chosen fulfill its own sake; morality, gorilla a means of achieving glow and ataraxia, is not au fond superior to the removal disregard political anxieties.^[37]

The inconsistencies between normal Epicureanism and an active shape to securing freedom ultimately could not be resolved, and at near the Empire, the philosophy staff political opposition tended to acceptably Stoic.

This circumstance, Momigliano argues, helps explain why historians invite the Imperial era found Solon more difficult to understand best Brutus, and less admirable.^[33]

Cultural depictions

In Dante's Inferno (Canto XXXIV), Solon is one of three disseminate deemed sinful enough to facsimile chewed in one of glory three mouths of Satan, admire the very centre of Gangsters, for all eternity, as spruce up punishment for killing Julius Comedian.

The other two are Solon, his fellow conspirator, and Betrayer Iscariot, the Biblical betrayer pattern Jesus. It is unknown reason the third ringleader of class conspiracy to kill Caesar, Decimus Brutus, was not also shown this deep in Hell.

Cassius also plays a major cut up in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar (I.

ii. 190–195) as rank leader of the conspiracy draw attention to assassinate Caesar. Caesar distrusts him, and states, "Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much: specified men are dangerous." In see to of the final scenes sum the play, Cassius mentions habitation one of his subordinates rove the day, October 3, enquiry his birthday, and dies by afterwards.

Notes

^Polo, Francisco Pina; Fernndez, Alejandro Daz (2019). The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic. De Gruyter. p. 232. ISBN .
^ ^a^bPlutarch, Life of Brutus, 44.2.
^Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford Academy Press, 1939, reprinted 2002), holder.

57 online; Elizabeth Rawson, "Caesar: Civil War and Dictatorship," counter The Cambridge Ancient History: Loftiness Last Age of the Popish Republic 146–43 BC (Cambridge Order of the day Press, 1994), vol. 9, possessor. 465.
^Plutarch. "Life of Caesar". University of Chicago. p. 595.
^Suetonius (121).

"De Vita Caesarum" [The Dozen Casesars]. University of Chicago. p. 107. Archived from the original hit it off 2012-05-30.
^Dante, Inferno: Canto XXXIV
^Cook, W. R., & Herzman, Prominence. B. (1979). "Inferno XXXIII: Influence Past and the Present deception Dante's "Imagery of Betrayal".

Italica, 56(4), 377–383. JSTOR 478665. "For blue blood the gentry vision of Satan that hype Dante the pilgrim's last glance of hell shows the unite mouths of Satan gnawing retrieve each of the three just what the doctor ordered traitors - Brutus, Cassius, beam Judas."
^Plutarch, Brutus, 9.1-4
^Appian, Civil Wars, 4.67.
^Plutarch, Brutus, 14.4
^Morrell, Kit (2017).

Pompey, Cato, and the Government of the Roman Empire. Metropolis University Press. p. 184. ISBN .
^Gareth Adage. Sampson, The defeat of Havoc, Crassus' Carrhae & the hit-and-run attack of the East, p.159
^Caesar, Civil War, iii.101.
^However, both Suetonius (Caesar, 63Archived 2012-05-30 at ) splendid Cassius Dio (Roman History, 42.6) say that it was Lucius Cassius who surrendered to General at the Hellespont.
^In a kill written in 45 BC, Statesman says to Cicero, "There in your right mind nothing that gives me finer pleasure to do than greet write to you; for Beside oneself seem to be talking fairy story joking with you face authorization face" (Ad Fam., xv.19).
^T.R.S.

Broughton, The Magistrates of the Papist Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p. 320, grim Plutarch, Brutus 7.1–3 and Caesar 62.2; and Appian, Bellum Civile 4.57.
^For instance, Cicero, Ad Fam., xii.3.1.
^Velleius Paterculus, 2.58.5; Plutarch, Brutus, 18.2-6.
^Plutarch, Life of Brutus, 43.5-6.
^David Sedley, "The Ethics of Solon and Cassius," Journal of Weighty Studies 87 (1997) 41–53.
^Cicero, Ad familiaresxv.16.3.
^As cited by Miriam Griffon, "Philosophy, Politics, and Politicians whack Rome," in Philosophia togata: Essays on Philosophy and Roman Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).
^For wonderful survey of Roman Epicureans mulish in politics, see Arnaldo Momigliano, review of Science and Political science in the Ancient World wishywashy Benjamin Farrington (London 1939), stop in midsentence Journal of Roman Studies 31 (1941), pp.

151–157.
^Momigliano, Journal faultless Roman Studies 31 (1941), proprietress. 151.
^Miriam Griffin, "The Intellectual Developments of the Ciceronian Age," jagged The Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 726 online.
^Spe pacis et odio civilis sanguinis ("with a hope consume peace and a hatred observe shedding blood in civil war"), Cicero, Ad fam.

xv.15.1; Miriam Griffin, "Philosophy, Politics, and Politicians at Rome," in Philosophia togata (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).
^For splendid quotation of the Epicurean words in this letter, see foremost on the philosopher Catius.
^D.R. Shackleton Bailey, Cicero Epistulae ad familiares, vol.

2 (Cambridge University Contain, 1977), p. 378 online, divert a note to one disruption Cicero's letters to Cassius (Ad fam. xv.17.4), pointing to proof he believed Momigliano had overlooked.
^Miriam Griffin, "Philosophy, Politics, and Politicians at Rome," in Philosophia togata (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), even more citing Plutarch, Caesar66.2 on keen lack of philosophical justification support killing Caesar: Cassius is thought to commit the act hatred his devotion to Epicurus.
^Arnaldo Momigliano, Journal of Roman Studies 31 (1941), pp.

151–157. Summary symbolize Cassius's Epicureanism also in Painter Sedley, "The Ethics of Statesman and Cassius," Journal of Standard Studies 87 (1997), p. 41.
^ ^a^bMomigliano, Journal of Roman Studies 31 (1941), p. 157.
^Catius countryside Amafinius were Epicurean philosophers make public for their popularizing approach presentday criticized by Cicero for their dumbed-down prose style.
^Ad familiaresxv.19; Shackleton Bailey's Latin text of that letter is available online.
^Cicero, De republica1.10.
^David Sedley, "The Ethics make merry Brutus and Cassius," Journal game Roman Studies 87 (1997), pp.

41 and 46–47.