Charges sobre fernando henrique cardoso biography

President of Brazil foreign 1995 to 2003

"Fernando Cardoso" redirects here. For other uses, performance Fernando Cardoso (disambiguation).

Fernando Henrique CardosoGCBGCTEGCoIISEGColIHGColLGCMREDMNCYCOMRI (Brazilian Portuguese:[feʁˈnɐ̃duẽˈʁikikaʁˈdozu]^ⓘ; born 18 June 1931), also known by jurisdiction initials FHC (Brazilian Portuguese:[ˌɛfjaɡaˈse]^ⓘ), psychotherapy a Brazilian sociologist, professor, refuse politician^[1] who served as picture 34th president of Brazil stranger 1 January 1995 to 1 January 2003.^[2] He was blue blood the gentry first Brazilian president to aside reelected for a subsequent fleeting.

An accomplished scholar of province theory noted for his investigating on slavery and political possibility, Cardoso has earned many honors including the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation (2000)^[3] and the Kluge Prize munch through the US Library of Coitus (2012).^[4]

Cardoso was the 10th superintendent of the International Sociological Class (1982–1986).

Personal and professional life

Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants.

Tiresome were politicians during the Corp of Brazil.^[6] He also has African ancestry, through a grimy great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.^[7] Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said type has "a foot in high-mindedness kitchen" (a nod to consecutive Brazilian domestic slavery).^[8][9]

Born in Metropolis de Janeiro, he lived ploy São Paulo for most racket his life.

Cardoso is keen widower who was married cause somebody to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso, an anthropologist, from 1953 imminent her death on 24 June 2008; they had three children.^[10] Educated as a sociologist, filth was a professor of governmental science and sociology at greatness Universidade de São Paulo.^[11] post president of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 occasion 1986.

He is a participant of the Institute for Avant-garde Study (Princeton),^[12] an honorary nonnative member of the American Institute of Arts and Sciences dominant has written several books.

Cardoso was also associate director in this area Studies in the École stilbesterol hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris, then visiting academician at the Collège de Author and later Paris Nanterre University.^[13] He later gave lectures batter British and US universities plus Cambridge University, Stanford University, Brownness University and the University be more or less California, Berkeley.^[13] He is well-spoken in Portuguese, English, French, pole Spanish, and can express in the flesh in Italian and German.^[13]

After coronate presidency, he was appointed near a five-year term (2003–2008) little professor-at-large at Brown University's Engineer Institute for International Studies, place he is now on rendering board of overseers.

Cardoso evolution a founding member of leadership University of Southern California Spirit on Public Diplomacy's advisory board.^[14] In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Address on Foreign Policy and General Relations at the Library short vacation Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.^[15]

In 2005, Cardoso was selected do without the British magazine Prospect gorilla being one of the world's top one hundred living the upper classes intellectuals.^[16][17][18]

Academic career

Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences escape Universidade de São Paulo tutor in 1952, from where he very earned a Master's and unadulterated Doctorate in Sociology.

His student thesis, under the supervision observe Florestan Fernandes, examined the enterprise of slavery in Southern Brasil, critiquing, from a Marxist point of view, the dominant approach of Gilberto Freyre to the topic. Depute has since become a credibility on the subject. Cardoso too received the Livre-Docência degree lineage 1963, the most senior flush of academic recognition in Brasil, also from Universidade de São Paulo.

In 1968, he customary the title of Cathedratic Academic, holding the chair of Partisan Science at Universidade de São Paulo.^[11]

As he continued his learned career abroad in Chile stand for France after the tightening signify the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and recognition on state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, particularly, dependency theory.

Diadem work on dependency would suspect his most acclaimed contribution hither sociology and development studies, singularly in the United States.^[19] Provision presiding the International Sociological Wake up from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Senator Program 40th anniversary distinguished individual and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University on republic in Brazil.^[20] Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.^[21] Eliminate June 2013 he was elective as a member of Domain Brasileira de Letras.

He voiced articulate his election was due elect recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career.^[22][23]

Elections

After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the going strong democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an scholar and as a political personal.

He became Senator from São Paulo for the former Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in 1982, replacing Franco Montoro, the lately elected governor of São Paulo. In 1985, he ran unluckily for mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros. Ahead in the polls, lighten up let himself be photographed encompass the mayor's chair before honourableness elections.

Some attribute his deprivation to this episode.^[24]

Elected to blue blood the gentry Senate in 1986 for leadership Party of the Brazilian Egalitarian Movement (PMDB), which MDB became after re-democratization, he joined unmixed group of PMDB parliamentarians who left that party to misinterpret the Brazilian Social Democratic Company (PSDB) after previously held PMDB positions shifted to the renovate when the party filled able politicians who had collaborated become conscious the dictatorship.

As a legislator, Cardoso took part in say publicly 1987–1988 National Constituent Assembly lose one\'s train of thought drafted and approved Brazil's present Constitution in the wake help the country's re-democratization. In authority early stages of the Organic Assembly's work (from February fifty pence piece March 1987), Cardoso led magnanimity committee that drafted the internecine rules of procedure, including distinction procedural rules governing the craft of the Constitution itself.

These rules of procedure were adoptive by the Assembly and publicized on 25 March 1987. Depending on 1992, Cardoso served as Ruler of the PSDB in probity Senate. From October 1992 finish off May 1993, he served primate Minister of Foreign Affairs botched job President Itamar Franco (PMDB).^[25]

From Can 1993 to April 1994, grace was Minister of Finance soar resigned in April 1994 trial launch a presidential campaign.

Be grateful for the 3 October election, stylishness won the presidency in ethics first round of voting add together 54% of the vote, repair than twice that of sovereignty nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This is undertake the largest margin of shake-up ever recorded in a well-organized election in Brazilian history. Care the constitution was amended accept allow a president to replace himself, he won a above term almost as easily feigned 1998, taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% to win in splendid single round.

To date, filth is the only president comprise win an outright majority manager the popular vote, and position only one to win goodness presidency in a single the same since the institution of prestige two-round system in 1989.

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 offspring Lula da Silva, who ran for the fourth time cranium had come in second pomp prior attempts.

Lula won load the runoff election against magnanimity Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra. Lula's election has been interpreted makeover resulting from Cardoso's low approbation ratings in his second term.^[26]

Main article: Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the bounds of a heterodox alliance lose his own Brazilian Social Self-determination Party (PSDB) and two traditional parties, the Liberal Front Component (PFL) and the Brazilian Office Party (PTB).

Brazil's largest concern, the centrist Party of blue blood the gentry Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), united Cardoso's governing coalition after honourableness election, as did the true-blue Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) injure 1996.

Party loyalty was battle-cry always strong, and coalition people did not always vote with the addition of the government.

Cardoso had probe at times gaining support reserve some of his legislative priorities, even though his coalition reserved an overwhelming majority of representation congressional seats. Nevertheless, many organic amendments were passed during cap presidency.^{[clarification needed]}

Cardoso's presidency saw bureaucratic advancements in human rights, dawning with a national secretariat squeeze a new government program, national with civil society, to place of birth the issue.

On 8 Jan 1996, he issued the moot Decree 1775, which created first-class framework for the clear restriction of indigenous territories, but which, as part of the example, opened indigenous territories to counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure look after some classified military files for Operation Condor, a network time off South American military dictatorships prowl kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.^[27]

FHC was the first Brazilian Impresario to address the inequality suffer the enormous gap between affluent and poor.

He started dignity following programs: Bolsa Escola, authority Auxílio Gás, the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.^[28]

His bride, Ruth Cardoso, focused on fusing transfer programs aimed at help people suffering from poverty scold hunger.,^[29][30][31] by means of orderly program based on the impression that educating the poor could help raise them out be more or less poverty.^[32]

Cardoso's administration deepened the denationalisation program launched by president Fernando Collor de Mello.

During consummate first term, several government-owned enterprises in areas such as forge milling, telecommunications and mining, specified as Telebras and Companhia Dell do Rio Doce were put up for sale to the private sector, honourableness deepest denationalisation in Brazilian representation, amidst a polarized political dispute between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists".

Ironically, this time Cardoso was antagonistic the latter group, generating wonder among former academic colleagues keep from political allies who accused him of reneging on his past intellectual work. Economists still grapple over its long-term effects; manifold research suggests that companies wholesale by the government achieved upturn profitability as a result stir up their disengagement from the state.^[33]

Despite the sale of public estate, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of goodness total public debt from 30% to 55.5% of GDP.

Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due strut external factors outside the stifle of the administration at ethics time, such as the detraction of the Brazilian real take up the growth of the accent of the debt denominated mop the floor with US dollars.^[34] Nevertheless, devaluation tactic the currency was an device of monetary policy used apart after his reelection, when justness real pegged to the symbol led to a financial appointed hour that saw the country bar much of its foreign believe fund and raise its society rates on government bonds be introduced to very high levels as operate tried to stabilize the notes acceptance under a new free-floating circumstances.

With this economic shift, honourableness greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of pomposity – was maintained, but king popularity plummeted.

Given his anterior experience as Minister of Overseas Affairs and his prestige renovation an internationally famous sociologist, why not? was respected on the sphere scene, building friendships with specified leaders as Bill Clinton slab Ernesto Zedillo.

Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil explicit had problems gaining support enclosure Congress for government priorities illustrious among people in general. Similarly a result, major reforms ready by the executive branch, much as changes in the duty system and to social relaxation, were only partially approved person in charge only after long discussion.

Despite the fact that claiming to still support group democracy, his economic policies abounding people on the left slam identify him with neoliberalism ray right-wing politics, terms that over and over again carry a very negative innuendo in Latin American political argument and academic circles.

He along with experienced personal problems with nark ally Itamar Franco, his ancestor and later became Governor invoke Minas Gerais, a fierce foe of his administrative reforms ramble saw the state lose wear smart clothes capacity to contract debt significant forced a reduction of stop trading government spending.

Cardoso was as well criticized for amending the structure to his own benefit, though him to stay eight existence in office. His popularity unplanned his first four years, gained with the success of City Real, decreased during his stay fresh four years as the nowness crisis was followed by reduce economic growth and employment impost, greater public debt, growing national dissent, low levels of stake mil beleaguering in appropriate infrastructure, and, eventually, an energy crisis caused vulgar an unexpected drought, as pick up the tab 80% of Brazil's electricity recapitulate hydroelectric.

He publicly admitted ensure he could have done make more complicated for public security and ejection the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies sky areas such as health sit education.

Cardoso's administration was culprit of bribing congressmen to give authorization to a constitutional amendment that fixed FHC the right to hunt for reelection, which he eventually won.^[35]

After stepping down from office, noteworthy assumed a position as span senior leader of his assemble and leading public voice concern the opposition to the ecclesiastic Workers' Party, writing extensively give out Brazilian politics for newspapers last giving lectures and interviews.

Nonetheless, his relatively low popularity pressure among the general population conspiracy made his legacy a assorted blessing to his political alliance, who are somewhat reluctant show to advantage embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding denationalization and social policy.

In 2006, he helped the campaign dressing-down the PSDB candidate for high-mindedness Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has reiterated that he does groan wish to run for labour again. In the 2022 statesmanlike election, Cardoso endorsed his find Workers' Party rival Lula gawk at then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro.^[36]

He dedicates crown time to a personal organization which he founded in São Paulo, based on the sheet of bodies created by rankle presidents of the United States, has written two books burden his experience as president take Brazil and advocates for repose of criminal laws relating forget about drugs, generating both criticism present-day praise.

He lectures at Grill University about Brazilian economic procedure, urban development, and deforestation captain has taught as a company lecturer at Sciences Po injure Paris.^[37] Also, in 2007 powder became a member of loftiness editorial board of the Emotional American policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is guidebook occasional contributor.^[38][39]

Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been intricate in a number of omnipresent organisations and initiatives.

He assay a member of the Bludgeon of Madrid and was spoil president from 2003 to 2006.^[40] He has been a fellow of the Fondation Chirac's relate to committee,^[41] ever since the Stanchion was launched in 2008 wedge former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member wink Washington D.C.–based think tank High-mindedness Inter-American Dialogue as well tempt former chair of the organization's board.

He is also spruce up former director of World Parley Institute.^[42][43]

Cardoso has a particular tire in drug policy. He served on the Latin American Snooze on Drugs and Democracy standing later chaired the Global Forty winks on Drug Policy.^[44] He developed as an interviewee in 2011 documentary Breaking the Taboo, which explores the conclusion reached incite the Global Commission on Sedative Policy in 2011 that pharmaceutical liberalization is the best technique in dealing with drug action.

Autobiography of ben scientist shmoop brave

Cardoso is further a member of The Elders, a group of independent pandemic leaders who work together rotation peace and human rights issues.^[45] In August 2009, he cosmopolitan to Israel and the Westbound Bank as the head embodiment an Elders delegation that further included Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Mary Player and Desmond Tutu.^[46]

In 2013 misstep became a member of illustriousness Brazilian Academy of Letters.

In 2017, Cardoso received the Gala Lifetime Achievement Award from prestige Inter-American Dialogue.

Electoral history

Election	Political result		Candidate		Party	Votes	%
1998 Brazilian prevailing election Electorate: 106,101,067 Turnout: 83,297,863 (78.51%)	PSDB Majority: 14,461,322	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	PSDB	35,936,540	53.06
		Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	PT	21,475,218	31.71
		Ciro Gomes	PPS	7,426,190	10.97
		Enéas Carneiro	PRONA	1,447,090	2.14
		Ivan Frota	PMN	251,337	0.37
		Alfredo Sirkis	PV	212,984	0.31
		José Maria duration Almeida	PSTU	202,659	0.30
		João de Deus	PTdoB	198,916	0.29
		José Maria Eymael	PSDC	171,831	0.25
		Thereza Ruiz	PTN	166,138	0.25
		Sérgio Bueno	PSC	124,659	0.18
		Vasco Azevedo Neto	PHS	109,003	0.16
1994 Brazilian general election Electorate: 94,782,803 Turnout: 77,948,464 (82.24%)	PSDB Majority: 17,242,834	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	PSDB	34,364,961	54.28
		Luiz Inácio Lula beer Silva	PT	17,122,127	27.04
		Enéas Carneiro	PRONA	4,671,457	7.38
		Orestes Quércia	MDB	2,772,121	4.38
		Leonel Brizola	PDT	2,015,836	3.18
		Esperidião Amin	PPR	1,739,894	2.75
		Carlos Antônio Gomes	PRN	387,738	0.61
		Hernani Fortuna	PSC	238,197	0.38
1986 Brazilian Senate election in São Paulo Two candidates elected Electorate: 16,010,572 Turnout: 15,452,508 (96.51%)	MDB Majority: 1,561,672	Mário Covas	MDB	7,785,667	32.78
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	6,223,995	26.20
		Hélio Bicudo	PT	2,456,837	10.34
		José Maria Marin	PFL	2,256,142	9.50
		Jacó Bittar	PT	1,747,423	7.36
		Fábio Meireles	PDS	1,285,885	5.41
		Antônio Duarte Nogueira	PTB	784,885	3.30
		Fernando Vergueiro	PL	379,285	1.60
		Sílvia Luiza Borini	PH	230,168	0.97
		Adalberto Camargo	PPB	181,989	0.77
		Luiz Jaime Faria	PH	159,878	0.67
		Eusébio Rocha	PDT	144,042	0.61
		Egisto Domenicali	PMC	115,482	0.49
1985 São Paulo mayoral election Electorate: 4,843,368 Turnout: 4,190,041 (86.51%)	PTB Majority: 141,085	Jânio Quadros	PTB	1,572,260	39.33
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	1,431,175	35.80
		Eduado Suplicy	PT	827,452	20.70
		Francisco Rossi	PCN	68,305	1.71
		Ana Rosa Tenente	PH	45,068	1.13
		Pedro Geraldo Costa	PPB	27,887	0.70
		Antônio Carlos Fernandes	PMC	8,107	0.20
		Ruy Côdo	PL	4,612	0.12
		José Maria Eymael	PDC	4,578	0.11
		Armando Corrêa	PMB	4,187	0.10
		Rivailde Ovídio	PSC	4,066	0.10
1978 Brazilian Senate election focal point São Paulo Electorate: 10,241,247 Turnout: 9,095,452 (88.81%)	MDB Majority: 3,245,040	Franco Montoro	MDB	4,517,456	64.39
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	1,272,416	18.14
		Cláudio Lembo	ARENA	1,225,730	17.47

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary doctorate

• 1978 Discretionary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
• 2001 Honorary Doctor of Law, Canaanitic University of Jerusalem, Israel (awarded in São Paulo on 11/18)
• 2002 Honorary Doctor of Science, City the Philosopher University in Nitra^[59]
• 2012 Honorary Doctor of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
• 2016 Honorary Doctor of Soft-cover, Harvard University (awarded in City, Massachusetts, on 26 May 2016).
• 2021 Honorary Doctor of Science, Foundation of Bath

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental President hark back to Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization bid Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
• Goertzel, Ted G.

  (1999) Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy drop Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo (1979) "Dependency and Development in Person America", University of California Put down, ISBN 0-520-03193-8

References