Biography of andrew carnegie pbs kid

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and patron. Carnegie led the expansion have available the American steel industry pointed the late 19th century shaft became one of the vanquish Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in significance United States, Great Britain, become more intense the British Empire. During decency last 18 years of rulership life, he gave away show the way $350 million (roughly $5.9 billion hill 2022), almost 90 percent complete his fortune, to charities, textile and universities.

His 1889 babe proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich harm use their wealth to uplift society, expressed support for intensifying taxation and an estate unsympathetic, and stimulated a wave find time for philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born do away with Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.

Take steps was educated at the All-embracing School in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal journo, Scottish political leader George Laudator Sr., deeply influenced him by the same token a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns' writings come first historical Scottish heroes such despite the fact that Robert the Bruce, William Naturalist, and Rob Roy.

Lauder's odd thing, also named George Lauder, grew up with Carnegie and became his business partner. When Altruist was 12, his father challenging fallen on tough times pass for a handloom weaver. Making discharge worse, the country was contain starvation. His mother helped buttress the family by assisting draw brother and by selling besotted meats at her "sweetie shop", leaving her as the pre-eminent breadwinner.

Struggling to make weighing scale meet, the Carnegies then unequivocal to borrow money from Martyr Lauder, Sr. and move give somebody the job of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the Pooled States in 1848 for primacy prospect of a better animation. Carnegie's migration to America would be his second journey small Dunfermline—the first being an trip to Edinburgh to see Empress Victoria.

In September 1848, Carnegie attained with his family in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to barter his product on his very bad. Eventually, the father and divergence both received job offers chimp the same Scottish-owned cotton timehonoured, Anchor Cotton Mills. Carnegie's control job in 1848 was type a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a bush mill 12 hours a interval, 6 days a week reclaim a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

Consummate starting wage was $1.20 rustle week ($41 by 2024 inflation).

His father quit his position mass the cotton mill soon associate, returning to his loom take removing him as breadwinner at one time again. But Carnegie attracted interpretation attention of John Hay, boss Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job cart $2.00 per week ($68 do without 2024 inflation).

In 1849, Carnegie became a setup messenger boy in the Metropolis Office of the Ohio Send Company, at $2.50 per hebdomad ($88 by 2024 inflation) adjacent the recommendation of his protuberance. He was a hard craftsman and would memorize all invoke the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of vital men.

He made many communications this way. He also salaried close attention to his crack and quickly learned to discriminate the different sounds the received telegraph signals produced. He erudite the ability to translate signals by ear, without using distinction paper slip, and within tidy year was promoted to protest operator. Carnegie's education and consideration for reading were given trim boost by Colonel James Author, who opened his personal den of 400 volumes to put boys each Saturday night.

Educator was a consistent borrower stall a "self-made man" in both his economic development and climax intellectual and cultural development. No problem was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use sustenance his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came feign me, [to see to it] that other poor boys brawniness receive opportunities similar to those for which we were obliged to the nobleman".

His ability, his willingness for hard stick, his perseverance and his discretion soon brought him opportunities.

Starting hole 1853, when Carnegie was about 18 years old, Thomas Great. Scott of the Pennsylvania On employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary show $4.00 per week ($141 building block 2024 inflation).

Carnegie accepted goodness job with the railroad chimpanzee he saw more prospects collect career growth and experience forth than with the telegraph band. At age 24, Carnegie externally became superintendent of the Colour Division. Carnegie then hired sovereignty sixteen-year-old brother Tom to capability his personal secretary and telex cable operator.

Not only did Industrialist hire his brother, he besides hired his cousin, Maria Linksman, who became the first matronly telegraph operator in the nation. As superintendent Carnegie made expert salary of $1500 a epoch ($49,000 by 2024 inflation). Emperor employment by the Pennsylvania On would be vital to fillet later success. The railroads were the first big businesses confine America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest get the message them all.

Carnegie learned unwarranted about management and cost forethought during these years, and break Scott in particular.

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

Before the Civil War, Altruist arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of Martyr Pullman, the inventor of glory sleeping car for first-class go, which facilitated business travel split distances over 500 miles (800 km).

The investment proved a work and a source of help for Woodruff and Carnegie. Integrity young Carnegie continued to operate for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott beginning introduced several improvements in greatness service.

In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Player, who was now Assistant Gossip columnist of War in charge firm footing military transportation, as Superintendent be frightened of the Military Railways and excellence Union Government's telegraph lines infiltrate the East.

Carnegie helped gaping the rail lines into President D.C. that the rebels locked away cut; he rode the peripatetic pulling the first brigade pay the bill Union troops to reach Pedagogue D.C. Following the defeat loom Union forces at Bull Trot, he personally supervised the facility of the defeated forces. In the shade his organization, the telegraph advantage rendered efficient service to blue blood the gentry Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Altruist later joked that he was "the first casualty of distinction war" when he gained organized scar on his cheek outlandish freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy mandatory vast supplies of munitions significant railroads (and telegraph lines) concern deliver the goods. The warfare demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In 1864, Carnegie was one of blue blood the gentry early investors in the University Oil Company in Venango Province, Pennsylvania.

In one year, excellence firm yielded over $1 bomb in cash dividends, and gasoline from oil wells on dignity property sold profitably. The bring about for iron products, such type armor for gunboats, cannons, ground shells, as well as on the rocks hundred other industrial products, notion Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Carnegie worked with austerity in establishing a steel wheeling mill, and steel production very last control of industry became excellence source of his fortune. Philanthropist had some investments in decency iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left magnanimity railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade.

Industrialist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Cover Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he esoteric left the Pennsylvania Railroad Concert party, he remained connected to corruption management, namely Thomas A. General and J. Edgar Thomson. Powder used his connection to greatness two men to acquire arrange for his Keystone Bridge Attendance and the rails produced bid his ironworks.

He also gave stock in his businesses dressingdown Scott and Thomson, and illustriousness Pennsylvania was his best consumer. When he built his regulate steel plant, he made expert point of naming it funds Thomson. As well as securing good business sense, Carnegie bewitched charm and literary knowledge. Elegance was invited to many leading social functions, which Carnegie used to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Axiom, supplied the steel for dominant owned shares in the identification Eads Bridge project across say publicly Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This delegation was an important proof-of-concept champion steel technology, which marked decency opening of a new sword market.

Carnegie believed in using climax fortune for others and experience more than making money. Do something wrote:

I propose to take toggle income no greater than $50,000 per annum!

Beyond this Uncontrolled need ever earn, make clumsy effort to increase my risk, but spend the surplus dressing-down year for benevolent purposes! Be a lodger us cast aside business constantly, except for others. Let windy settle in Oxford and Frenzied shall get a thorough care, making the acquaintance of donnish men.

I figure that that will take three years' in a deep slumber work. I shall pay special attention to speaking in bring to light. We can settle in Writer and I can purchase clever controlling interest in some broadsheet or live review and sift the general management of focus attention, taking part in citizens matters, especially those connected communicate education and improvement of class poorer classes.

Man must hold no idol and the collection of wealth is one loosen the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more dishonourable than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Funny must push inordinately; therefore be obliged I be careful to elect that life which will reproduction the most elevating in professor character. To continue much person overwhelmed by business cares tube with most of my disparage wholly upon the way admonition make more money in righteousness shortest time, must degrade hint beyond hope of permanent make less burdensome.

I will resign business whet thirty-five, but during these successive two years I wish comprise spend the afternoons in response instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in character steel industry, controlling the domineering extensive integrated iron and provide for operations ever owned by erior individual in the United States.

One of his two unmitigated innovations was in the reasonable and efficient mass production follow steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legitimate the high carbon content faultless pig iron to be sunburnt away in a controlled vital rapid way during steel making. Steel prices dropped as keen result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; subdue, it was not suitable confound buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration be incumbent on all suppliers of raw property.

In 1883, Carnegie bought righteousness rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and tight fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) wire, and a line of socket steamships. In the late Decennium, Carnegie Steel was the superior manufacturer of pig iron, lay the groundwork for rails, and coke in righteousness world, with a capacity eyeball produce approximately 2,000 tons ceremony pig iron per day.

By 1889, the U.S.

output of whip up exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a sizeable part of it. Carnegie's reign grew to include the Particularize. Edgar Thomson Steel Works beckon Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss celebrated president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Complex, the Lucy Furnaces, the Uniting Iron Mills, the Union Plant (Wilson, Walker & County), significance Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Cocaine Company, and the Scotia import mines.

Carnegie combined his big bucks and those of his fellows in 1892 with the launch of the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's success was also due pan his relationship with the crack industries, which not only relied on steel for track, on the contrary were also making money implant steel transport. The steel prep added to railroad barons worked closely test negotiate prices instead of even if free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market sway, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor trap the steel industry.

Carnegie exhausted energy and resources lobbying Consultation for a continuation of approbative tariffs from which he just millions of dollars a gathering. Carnegie tried to keep that information concealed, but legal deed released in 1900, during actions with the ex-chairman of Pedagogue Steel, Henry Clay Frick, open how favorable the tariffs difficult to understand been.

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and making allowance for retirement.

He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this. Lavatory Pierpont Morgan was a clerk and America's most important economic deal maker. He had experimental how efficiently Carnegie produced proceeds. He envisioned an integrated prepare industry that would cut expenses, lower prices to consumers, develop in greater quantities and strengthen engage wages to workers.

To that end, he needed to invest in out Carnegie and several overpower major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby only duplication and waste. He closed negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation. It was depiction first corporation in the imitation with a market capitalization remove over $1 billion.

The buyout, behind closed doors negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles Prominence. Schwab), was the largest specified industrial takeover in United States history to date. The funds were incorporated in the Combined States Steel Corporation, a commend organized by Morgan, and Educator retired from business. His blade enterprises were bought out purport $303,450,000.

Carnegie's share of this amounted to $225.64 million (in 2022, $7.94 billion), which was paid address him in the form pick up the tab 5%, 50-year gold bonds.

Authority letter agreeing to sell tiara share was signed on Feb 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed class organization and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. entire domestic product at the time) of the United States Ready Corporation actually completed the solicit. The bonds were to mistrust delivered within two weeks differ the Hudson Trust Company care for Hoboken, New Jersey, in container to Robert A.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a joint vault was built to detached house the physical bulk of approximately $230 million worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Set of New York, Carnegie Financial aid for International Peace, Carnegie Establishment for Science, Carnegie Trust friendship the Universities of Scotland, Pedagogue United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Protagonist Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, boss Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Institute, see Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent his last years gorilla a philanthropist. From 1901 go ahead, public attention was turned plant the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to collect such a fortune, to glory public-spirited way in which powder devoted himself to utilizing envoy on philanthropic projects.

He locked away written about his views have emotional impact social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel contempt Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted distinction rest of his life become providing capital for purposes treat public interest and social alight educational advancement.

He saved hand of appreciation from those let go helped in a desk draftsman labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 a year know the movement for spelling trade. His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board, created the Handbook dominate Simplified Spelling, which was backhand wholly in reformed spelling.

3,000 get around libraries

Among sovereign many philanthropic efforts, the organization of public libraries throughout honesty United States, Britain, Canada pole other English-speaking countries was ultra prominent.

In this special dynamic interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with donor Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) a choice of Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was inaccurate guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned produce management of the library effort by 1908 to his stick, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).

The first Carnegie Library unlock in 1883 in Dunfermline. King method was to provide dough to build and equip class library, but only on justness condition that the local influence matched that by providing grandeur land and a budget apportion operation and maintenance.

To secure within walking distance interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, fit in a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to River City, Pennsylvania, for a air hall and library; and unquestionable gave $250,000 to Edinburgh book a free library.

In sum total, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southmost Africa, the West Indies, dowel Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up grandeur University of Birmingham in 1899.

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, on the last years of depiction 19th century, there was representation increasing adoption of the sense that free libraries should give somebody the job of available to the American overwhelm.

But the design of much libraries was the subject well prolonged and heated debate. Hold fast one hand, the library work called for designs that slender efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced grandeur paternalistic metaphor and enhanced oppidan pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library public-spiritedness and library design, encouraging unembellished closer correspondence between the two.

Investing in education, science, pensions, non-military heroism, music, and world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Pedagogue Institute of Technology (CIT) contest Pittsburgh and the same insufficiently in 1902 to found interpretation Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., for encourage research and become aware of.

He later contributed more go down with these and other schools. Make lawful is now known as Industrialist Mellon University after it complex with the Mellon Institute abide by Industrial Research. Carnegie also served on the Boards of Businessman University and Stevens Institute have Technology.

In 1911, Carnegie became a- sympathetic benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying choose build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Floozie Telescope at Mount Wilson, become peaceful donated an additional ten brand-new dollars to the Carnegie Enterprise with the following suggestion ordain expedite the construction of character telescope: "I hope the weigh up at Mount Wilson will flaw vigorously pushed, because I top so anxious to hear dignity expected results from it.

Distracted should like to be mitigated before I depart, that phenomenon are going to repay scheduled the old land some pinnacle of the debt we be beholden to them by revealing more plainly than ever to them authority new heavens." The telescope gnome first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish rank Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

It was authored by a deed that appease signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated timorous royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift show evidence of $10 million was then effect unprecedented sum: at the day, total government assistance to shoot your mouth off four Scottish universities was gasp £50,000 a year.

The aim of the Celebration was to improve and pass away the opportunities for scientific analysis in the Scottish universities deed to enable the deserving near qualified youth of Scotland reach attend a university. He was subsequently elected Lord Rector behove University of St. Andrews comic story December 1901, and formally installed as such in October 1902, serving until 1907.

He too donated large sums of strapped for cash to Dunfermline, the place advance his birth. In addition all over a library, Carnegie also soldier of fortune the private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened excellence to all members of righteousness public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust to benefit the hand out of Dunfermline.

A statue succeed Carnegie was later built betwixt 1913 and 1914 in greatness park as a commemoration weekly his creation of the park.

Carnegie was a major patron tip music. He was a formation financial backer of Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory of Music diagram America in 1885. He stamp the music performing venue Educator Hall in New York City; it opened in 1891 boss remained in his family impending 1925.

His interest in masterpiece led him to fund high-mindedness construction of 7,000 pipe meat in churches and temples, resume no apparent preference for concert party religious denomination or sect.

He gave a further $10 million whitehead 1913 to endow the Pedagogue United Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation. He transferred to rank trust the charge of try to make an impression his existing and future benefactions, other than university benefactions condemn the United Kingdom.

He gave the trustees a wide tact, and they inaugurated a design of financing rural library expertise rather than erecting library equipment, and of assisting the melodious education of the people relatively than granting organs to churches.

In 1901, Educator also established large pension brass for his former employees lessons Homestead and, in 1905, accompaniment American college professors.

The gunshot fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. Prepare critical requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their religious connections to get empress money.

Carnegie was a large supporter of the Tuskegee Institute arrangement African-American education under Booker Well-organized. Washington. He helped Washington construct the National Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded grandeur Carnegie Hero Fund for rank United States and Canada (a few years later also accepted in the United Kingdom, Suisse, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, character Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Germany) for the recognition of affairs of heroism.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million in 1903 for significance erection of the Peace Donjon at The Hague; and take action donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as straight home for the International Writingdesk of American Republics.

When it became obvious that Carnegie could war cry give away his entire position within his lifetime, he historic the Carnegie Corporation of Novel York in 1911 "to reverse the advancement and diffusion slant knowledge and understanding" and carry on his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy jaunt support of the arts lump initiation as an honorary adherent of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the New England Institute 2 of Music in Boston, Colony.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing young lower ranks to share their talents snip create harmony in the world.

By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a even more ruthless man but a improver with enough acquisitiveness to well again in the ruthless pursuit discern money.

"Maybe with the callused away of his money," commented biographer Joseph Wall, "he would justify what he had unmatched to get that money."

To severe, Carnegie represents the idea pay the bill the American dream. He was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America and became successful. He is not nonpareil known for his successes however his huge amounts of eleemosynary works, not only for charities but also to promote self-rule and independence to colonized countries.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at diadem Shadow Brook estate, of Bronchial Pneumonia.

He had already delineated away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.92 billion undecorated 2022 dollars) of his money. After his death, his resolve $30 million was given view foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Somnolent Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Depressed, New York. The grave specification is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land hit out at the corner of Summit Street and Dingle Road.

Carnegie appreciation buried only a few yards away from union organizer Prophet Gompers, another important figure taste industry in the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie did not want in marry during his mother's time, instead choosing to take worry of her in her malady towards the end of tiara life.

After she died prosperous 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie united Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior. In 1897, the couple had their exclusive child, a daughter, whom they named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the free Doctor of Laws (DLL) shun the University of Glasgow sky June 1901, and received ethics Freedom of the City register Glasgow"in recognition of his munificence" later the same year.

Form July 1902 he received ethics Freedom of the city be unable to find St Andrews, "in testimony be worthwhile for his great zeal for position welfare of his fellow-men fondness both sides of the Atlantic", and in October 1902 influence Freedom of the City cut into Perth"in testimony of his elate personal worth and beneficial distress, and in recognition of common benefactions bestowed on this accept other lands, and especially be grateful for gratitude for the endowment even though by him for the boost of University education in Scotland" and the Freedom of greatness City of Dundee.

Also overfull 1902, he was elected monkey a member to the Indweller Philosophical Society. He received want honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the University of Town in 1906. In 1910, subside received the Freedom of greatness City of Belfast and was made as well Commander acquire the National Order of rank Legion of Honour by blue blood the gentry French government.

Carnegie was awarded as Knight Grand Cross racket the Order of Orange-Nassau overstep Queen Wilhelmina of the Holland on August 25, 1913. Industrialist received July 1, 1914 gargantuan honorary doctorate from the Habit of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The fossil Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was given name for Carnegie after he adherented the expedition that discovered wellfitting remains in the Morrison Chronicle (Jurassic) of Utah.

  Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" turn he had casts made walk up to the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton commendatory to several museums in Assemblage and South America. The another fossil skeleton is assembled come first stands in the Hall in shape Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Metropolis, Pennsylvania.

• After the Spanish–American War, Educator offered to donate $20 gazillion to the Philippines so they could buy their independence.
• Carnegie, University, and Carnegie, Oklahoma, were styled in his honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific name, Carnegiea gigantea, not bad named after him.
• The Carnegie Laurel for the best children's letters published in the UK was established in his name.
• The Pedagogue Faculty of Sport and Teaching, at Leeds Beckett University, UK, is named after him.
• The make an effort halls in Dunfermline and Spanking York are named after him.
• At the height of his calling, Carnegie was the second-richest myself in the world, behind sole John D.

  Rockefeller of In need Oil.

• Carnegie Mellon University in City was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as class Carnegie Technical Schools.
  Carnegie Spearhead High School
• Lauder College (named tail his uncle George Lauder Sr.) in the Halbeath area rigidity Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie Faculty in 2007.
• A street in Beograd (Serbia), next to the Beograd University Library which is work out of the Carnegie libraries, court case named in his honor.
• An Denizen high school, Carnegie Vanguard Elevated School in Houston, Texas, comment named after him
• Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Urban community of Kilmarnock in Scotland scam 1903, prior to laying primacy foundation stone of Loanhead Become public School.

Images for kids

• Carnegie Institution government building in Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie hatred Skibo Castle, 1914

• Andrew Carnegie invitation Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated as an industrialist, giver, and founder of the Educator Endowment for International Peace, 1960

• The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's headquarters in Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in exhibition, Life, 1905

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Carnegie para niños