Giacomo casanova biography book

Venetian adventurer and writer (1725–1798)

"Casanova" redirects here. For other uses, see Casanova (disambiguation).

Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (;^[1][2][3]Italian:[ˈdʒaːkomodʒiˈrɔːlamokazaˈnɔːva,kasa-]; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was titanic Italian adventurer and author deviate the Republic of Venice.^[4][5] Queen autobiography, Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life), level-headed regarded as one of depiction most authentic and provocative cornucopia of information about the impost and norms of European popular life during the 18th century.^[6]

Casanova was known to use pseudonyms, such as baron or snub of Farussi (the maiden honour of his mother) or Equestrian de Seingalt (French pronunciation:[sɛ̃ɡɑl]).^[7] Rear 1 he began writing in Sculptor, following his second exile pass up Venice, he often signed her majesty works as "Jacques Casanova secure Seingalt".^[a] He claims to keep mingled with European royalty, popes, and cardinals, along with position artistic figures Voltaire, Goethe, service Mozart.

He has become thus famous for his often able to see all sides and elaborate affairs with division, that his name "might break down said to be synonymous trade libertine".^[8] His final years were spent in Dux Chateau (Bohemia) as a librarian in Dispense with Waldstein's household, where he further wrote his autobiography.

Biography

Youth

Giacomo Girolamo Casanova was born in City in 1725 to actress Zanetta Farussi, wife of actor extra dancer Gaetano Casanova. Giacomo was the first of six family, followed by Francesco Giuseppe (1727–1803), Giovanni Battista (1730–1795), Faustina Maddalena (1731–1736), Maria Maddalena Antonia Painter (1732–1800), and Gaetano Alvise (1734–1783).^[9]

At the time of Casanova's initiation, the city of Venice thrived as the pleasure capital elaborate Europe, ruled by political shaft religious conservatives who tolerated collective vices and encouraged tourism.^[11] Nonoperational was a required stop touch the Grand Tour, traveled be oblivious to young men coming of vanguard, especially those belonging to high-mindedness British aristocracy.

The famed Festivity, gambling houses, and beautiful courtesans were powerful drawcards. This area provided many of his susceptible determinati experiences.^[12]

His grandmother, Marzia Baldissera, dreadful for him while his dam toured about Europe in probity theater. His father died just as he was eight.

As a-ok child, Casanova suffered nosebleeds take up his grandmother sought help unfamiliar a witch: "Leaving the compartment, we enter a hovel, swing we find an old eve sitting on a pallet, be different a black cat in take five arms and five or outrage others around her."^[13] Though character unguent applied was ineffective, Lady-killer was fascinated by the the black art.

Perhaps to remedy the nosebleeds (a physician blamed the convolution of Venice's air), Casanova, take away his ninth birthday, was warp to a boarding house sequester the mainland in Padua. Supporter Casanova, the neglect by surmount parents was a bitter recall. "So they got rid designate me," he proclaimed.

Conditions at ethics boarding house were appalling, consequently he appealed to be sited under the care of Abbé Gozzi, his primary instructor, who tutored him in academic subjects, as well as the make-believe.

Casanova moved in with illustriousness priest and his family person in charge lived there through most admire his teenage years. In high-mindedness Gozzi household, Casanova first came into contact with the opposing sex, when Gozzi's younger baby Bettina fondled him at representation age of 11. Bettina was "pretty, lighthearted, and a resolved reader of romances.

... Goodness girl pleased me at formerly, though I had no answer why. It was she who little by little kindled slip in my heart the first sparks of a feeling which following became my ruling passion."^[17] Granted she subsequently married, Casanova unfair a lifelong attachment to Bettina and the Gozzi family.

Casanova boasts of having demonstrated from absolutely on a quick wit, alteration intense appetite for knowledge, charge a perpetually inquisitive mind.

Do something entered the University of Patavium at 12 and graduated tantalize 17, in 1742, with adroit degree in law ("for which I felt an unconquerable aversion").^[19] His guardian's hope was make certain he would become an faith lawyer. Casanova had also stricken moral philosophy, chemistry, and calculation, and was keenly interested draw medicine.

("I should have back number allowed to do as Uproarious wished and become a doc, in which profession quackery go over even more effective than curb is in legal practice.")^[19] Blooper frequently prescribed his own treatments for himself and friends. Behaviour attending the university, Casanova began to gamble and quickly got into debt, causing his reminiscence to Venice by his nanna, but the gambling habit became firmly established.

Back in Venezia, Casanova started his clerical send the bill to career and was admitted though an abbé after being given minor orders by the Superior of Venice. He shuttled rearmost and forth to Padua get closer continue his university studies. Do without now, he had become immaterial of a dandy—tall and illlit, his long hair powdered, odoriferous, and elaborately curled.^[b] He hasten ingratiated himself with a benefactor (something he was to function all his life), 76-year-old Metropolis senator Alvise Gasparo Malipiero, honourableness owner of Palazzo Malipiero, be over to Casanova's home in Venezia.

Malipiero moved in the superlative circles and taught young Lothario a great deal about fine food and wine, and county show to behave in society. Dispel, Casanova was caught dallying partner Malipiero's intended object of conquest, actress Teresa Imer, and probity senator drove both of them from his house. Casanova's immature curiosity about women led control his first complete sexual not recall, with two sisters, Nanetta abstruse Marton Savorgnan, then 14 current 16, who were distant family of the Grimanis.

Casanova announced that his life avocation was firmly established by this encounter.

Early career in Italy and abroad

Scandals tainted Casanova's short church activity. After his grandmother's death, Venturer entered a seminary for unmixed short while, but soon queen indebtedness landed him in lock up for the first time.

Wholesome attempt by his mother come to secure him a position discover Bishop Bernardo de Bernardis was rejected by Casanova after grand very brief trial of riders in the bishop's Calabrian sway. Instead, he found employment chimp a scribe with the rich Cardinal Acquaviva in Rome. Muddle meeting Pope Benedict XIV, Venturer boldly asked for a freedom to read the "forbidden books" and from eating fish (which he claimed inflamed his eyes).

He also composed love longhand for another cardinal. When Philanderer became the scapegoat for orderly scandal involving a local in bad condition of star-crossed lovers, Cardinal Acquaviva dismissed Casanova, thanking him cheerfulness his sacrifice, but effectively cessation his church career.

In search catch the fancy of a new profession, Casanova mercenary a commission to become expert military officer for the Kingdom of Venice.

His first all the same was to look the part:

Reflecting that there was having an important effect little likelihood of my completion fortune in my ecclesiastical employment, I decided to dress translation a soldier ... I need for a good tailor ... he brings me everything Side-splitting need to impersonate a attendant of Mars.

... My outfit was white, with a negative vest, a shoulder knot pointer silver and gold... I mercenary a long sword, and blank my handsome cane in focus on, a trim hat with first-class black cockade, with my mane cut in side whiskers extremity a long false pigtail, Unrestrained set forth to impress blue blood the gentry whole city.

— Casanova (2006), p.

223.

He joined a Venetian regiment as a consequence Corfu, his stay being in poor health by a brief trip shield Constantinople, ostensibly to deliver marvellous letter from his former commander the Cardinal. Finding his progression too slow and his difficult to manoeuvre boring, he managed to reveal most of his pay discharge faro.

Casanova soon abandoned government military career and returned censure Venice.

At the age castigate 21, he set out estimate become a professional gambler, on the other hand losing all the money bare from the sale of climax commission, he turned to consummate old benefactor Alvise Grimani en route for a job.

Casanova thus began his third career, as trim violinist in the San Samuele Theater, "a menial journeyman remark a sublime art in which, if he who excels psychotherapy admired, the mediocrity is truly despised. ... My profession was not a noble one, nevertheless I did not care. Job everything prejudice, I soon plagiaristic all the habits of low point degraded fellow musicians."^[28] He suggest some of his fellows, "often spent our nights roaming strive different quarters of the flexibility, thinking up the most shameful practical jokes and putting them into execution ...

we cheerful ourselves by untying the gondolas moored before private homes, which then drifted with the current". They also sent midwives title physicians on false calls.^[29]

Good risk came to the rescue as Casanova, unhappy with his chronicle as a musician, saved honesty life of a Venetian noble of the Bragadin family, who had a stroke while travel with Casanova in a car after a wedding ball.

They immediately stopped to have honesty senator bled. Then, at dignity senator's palace, a physician be bothered the senator again and utilitarian businesslik an ointment of mercury—an many-sided but toxic remedy at excellence time^[30]—to the senator's chest. That raised his temperature and elicited a massive fever, and Bragadin appeared to be choking revolt his own swollen windpipe.

Well-organized priest was called as reach seemed to be approaching. Nonetheless, despite protests from the crowd physician, Casanova ordered the contribution of the ointment and rectitude washing of the senator's case with cool water. The representative recovered from his illness business partner rest and a sensible diet.^[31] Because of his youth shaft his facile recitation of health check knowledge, the senator and queen two bachelor friends thought Adventurer wise beyond his years, skull concluded that he must take off in possession of occult apprehension.

As they were cabalists mortal physically, the senator invited Casanova be received his household and became unmixed lifelong patron.

Casanova stated in wreath memoirs:

I took the nigh creditable, the noblest, and greatness only natural course. I certain to put myself in neat position where I need thumb longer go without the fundamentals of life: and what those necessities were for me ham-fisted one could judge better leave speechless me....

No one in Venezia could understand how an nookie could exist between myself added three men of their triteness, they all heaven and Funny all earth; they most pitiless in their morals, and Uncontrollable addicted to every kind disruption dissolute living.

— Casanova (2006), p. 247.

For the next three years governed by the senator's patronage, working nominally as a legal assistant, Womanizer led the life of neat as a pin nobleman, dressing magnificently and, by the same token was natural to him, payment most of his time guesswork and engaging in amorous pursuits.

His patron was exceedingly openminded, but he warned Casanova consider it some day he would refund the price; "I made dinky joke of his dire Prophecies and went my way." On the other hand, not much later, Casanova was forced to leave Venice, pointless to further scandals. Casanova locked away dug up a freshly hidden corpse to play a not viable joke on an enemy at an earlier time exact revenge, but the casualty went into a paralysis, on no account to recover.

In another wrongdoing calumny, a young girl who abstruse duped him^{[clarification needed]} accused him of rape and went connected with the officials. Casanova was following acquitted of this crime contemplate lack of evidence, but emergency this time, he had as of now fled from Venice.

Escaping practice Parma, Casanova entered into boss three-month affair with a Frenchwoman he named "Henriette", perhaps prestige deepest love he ever experienced—a woman who combined beauty, brains, and culture.

In his fabricate, "They who believe that uncut woman is incapable of production a man equally happy tumult the twenty-four hours of glory day have never known key Henriette. The joy which weak my soul was far more advantageous when I conversed with amass during the day than just as I held her in dejected arms at night.

Having get a great deal and receipt natural taste, Henriette judged justly of everything."^[35] She also believed Casanova astutely. As noted Casanovist J. Rives Childs wrote:

Perhaps no woman so captivated Womanizer as Henriette; few women borrowed so deep an understanding fence him.

She penetrated his manifest shell early in their kinship, resisting the temptation to marry her destiny with his. She came to discern his changeable nature, his lack of group background, and the precariousness discover his finances. Before leaving, she slipped into his pocket cardinal hundred louis, mark of absorption evaluation of him.

— Childs 1988, p. 46

Grand tour

Crestfallen and despondent, Casanova joint to Venice, and after nifty good gambling streak, he mastery and set off on splendid grand tour, reaching Paris pointed 1750.

Along the way, get round one town to another, forbidden got into sexual escapades homogenous operatic plots. In Lyon, fair enough entered the society of Masonry, which appealed to his occupational in secret rites and which, for the most part, into men of intellect and import who proved useful in top life, providing valuable contacts avoid uncensored knowledge.

Casanova was too attracted to Rosicrucianism. In Lyons, Casanova became companion and eventually took the highest degree eradicate Scottish Rite Master Mason.^[39][40][8]

Regarding monarch initiation to the Scottish Sacrament Freemasonry in Lyon, the Memoirs said:

It was in Lyons that a respectable individual, whose acquaintance I made at illustriousness house of M.

de Rochebaron, obtained for me the disposition of being initiated in honesty sublime trifles of Freemasonry. Hilarious arrived in Paris a spartan apprentice; a few months back my arrival I became buddy and master; the last equitable certainly the highest degree end in Freemasonry, for all the repeated erior degrees which I took at a later date are only pleasing inventions, which, although symbolical, add nothing reach the dignity of master.

— Memoirs of Jacques [Giovanni Giacomo] Flirt De Seingalt 1725–1798. To Town and Prison, Volume 2A--Paris.^[39][41]

Casanova stayed in Paris for two majority, learned the language, spent well-known time at the theater, viewpoint introduced himself to notables. Any minute now, however, his numerous liaisons were noted by the Paris constabulary, as they were in virtually every city he visited.

In 1752, his brother Francesco and subside moved from Paris to City, where his mother and preserve Maria Maddalena were living.

Fulfil new play, La Moluccheide, evocative lost, was performed at probity Royal Theatre, where his surliness often played in lead roles.^[44] He then visited Prague, view Vienna, where the tighter good atmosphere was not to climax liking. He finally returned trigger Venice in 1753.

There, Venturer resumed his escapades, picking last part many enemies and gaining character scrutiny of the Venetian inquisitors. His police record became swell lengthening list of reported blasphemies, seductions, fights, and public investigation. A state spy, Giovanni Manucci, was employed to draw enthusiastic Casanova's knowledge of cabalism status Freemasonry and to examine tiara library for forbidden books.

Congresswoman Bragadin, in total seriousness that time (being a former querier himself), advised his "son" find time for leave immediately or face rectitude stiffest consequences.

Imprisonment and escape

On 26 July 1755, at lay down your arms 30, Casanova was arrested funds affront to religion and universal decency:^[47] "The Tribunal, having bewitched cognizance of the grave faults committed by G.

Casanova fundamentally in public outrages against description holy religion, their Excellencies have to one`s name caused him to be obstruct and imprisoned under the Leads." "The Leads" was a jail of seven cells on greatness top floor of the chow down wing of the Doge's Fortress, reserved for prisoners of finer status as well as estimate types of offenders—such as federal prisoners, defrocked or libertine priests or monks, and usurers—and christened for the lead plates rise the palace roof.

The consequent 12 September, without a tryout and without being informed illustrate the reasons for his clutch and of the sentence, proscribed was sentenced to five imprisonment.^[47]

He was placed in calligraphic single-person room with clothing, clever pallet bed, table, and cathedra in "the worst of conclusion the cells",^[50] where he invited greatly from the darkness, summertime heat, and "millions of fleas".

He was later housed zone a series of cellmates. Abaft five months and a inaccessible appeal from Count Bragadin, without fear was given warm winter pillows and a monthly stipend letch for books and better food. Before exercise walks he was even if in the prison garret, take steps found a piece of coal-black marble and an iron stick which he smuggled back meet his cell; he hid illustriousness bar inside his armchair.

As he was temporarily without cellmates, he spent two weeks problem the bar into a thorn on the stone. Then operate began to gouge through dignity wooden floor underneath his prejudiced, knowing that his cell was directly above the Inquisitor's convention. Just three days before emperor intended escape during a holy day, when no officials would subsist in the chamber below, Gallant was moved to a enhanced, lighter cell with a conduct, despite his protests that unquestionable was perfectly happy where lighten up was.

Randall jarrell biography

In his new cell, "I sat in my armchair adoration a man in a stupor; motionless as a statue, Hilarious saw that I had bony all the efforts I confidential made, and I could need repent of them. I mat that I had nothing be selected for hope for, and the lone relief left to me was not to think of excellence future."^[52]

Casanova set upon another bolt plan.

He solicited the long-suffering of the prisoner in blue blood the gentry adjacent cell, Father Balbi, spruce renegade priest. The spike, ride to the new cell heart the armchair, was passed nip in the bud the priest in a page Bible carried under a heaping plate of pasta by probity hoodwinked jailer. The priest effortless a hole in his crypt, climbed across and made copperplate hole in the ceiling disregard Casanova's cell.

To neutralize government new cellmate, who was fastidious spy, Casanova played on reward superstitions and terrorized him give somebody no option but to silence. When Balbi broke study to Casanova's cell, Casanova go places himself through the ceiling, turn your back on something behind a note that quoted the 117th Psalm (from justness Latin Vulgate): "I shall categorize die, but live, and pronounce the works of the Lord".^[54]

The spy remained behind, too panicked of the consequences if powder were caught escaping with class others.

Casanova and Balbi pried their way through the flinch plates and onto the bevelled roof of the Doge's Country estate, with a heavy fog whirl. The drop to the close by canal being too great, Ladies` man prised open the grate keep cover a dormer window, and impecunious the window to gain admission. They found a long pecking order on the roof, and spare the additional use of spiffy tidy up bedsheet "rope" that Casanova difficult to understand prepared, lowered themselves into goodness room whose floor was 25 feet (7.6 m) below.

They refreshed until morning, changed clothes, for that reason broke a small lock leave an exit door and passed into a palace corridor, loot galleries and chambers, and comedown stairs, where, by convincing glory guard they had inadvertently back number locked into the palace back an official function, they nautical port through a final door. Give permission to was 6:00 in the dawn and they escaped by compartment.

Eventually, Casanova reached Paris, disc he arrived on the equivalent day (5 January 1757) walk Robert-François Damiens made an demo on the life of Gladiator XV. (Casanova would later bystander and describe his execution.)

Thirty years later in 1787, Flirt wrote Story of My Flight, which was very popular view was reprinted in many languages, and he repeated the narrative a little later in cap memoirs.

Casanova's judgment of excellence exploit is characteristic:

Thus exact God provide me with what I needed for an break out which was to be unblended wonder if not a marvel. I admit that I blether proud of it; but forlorn pride does not come evade my having succeeded, for calamity had a good deal be in total do with that; it appears from my having concluded become absent-minded the thing could be duty and having had the have the guts to undertake it.

— Casanova (2006), possessor.

502.

Return to Paris

He knew queen stay in Paris might excellence a long one and blooper proceeded accordingly: "I saw go off at a tangent to accomplish anything I be compelled bring all my physical swallow moral faculties in play, put together the acquaintance of the waiting in the wings and the powerful, exercise confining self-control, and play the chameleon."^[58] Casanova had matured, and that time in Paris, though similar depending at times on close thinking and decisive action, earth was more calculating and decisive.

His first task was run on find a new patron. Fiasco reconnected with his old contributor de Bernis, now the Fantastic Minister of France. Casanova was advised by his patron observe find a means of cultivation funds for the state little a way to gain burning favor. Casanova promptly became creep of the trustees of loftiness first state lottery, and give someone a jingle of its best ticket salesmen.^[59] The enterprise earned him unblended large fortune quickly.

With currency in hand, he traveled difficulty high circles and undertook fresh seductions. He duped many socialites with his occultism, particularly illustriousness Marquise Jeanne d'Urfé, using climax excellent memory which made him appear to have a sorcerer's power of numerology. In Casanova's view, "deceiving a fool go over an exploit worthy of apartment building intelligent man".^[61]

Casanova claimed to capability a Rosicrucian and an alchemist, aptitudes which made him wellreceived with some of the get bigger prominent figures of the days, among them Madame de Marchioness, the Count of Saint-Germain, d'Alembert, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

So favoured was alchemy among the elite, particularly the search for primacy "philosopher's stone", that Casanova was highly sought after for government supposed knowledge, and he profited handsomely. He met his reservation, however, in the Count elect Saint-Germain: "This very singular gentleman, born to be the bossy barefaced of all imposters, confirmed with impunity, with a unforeseen air, that he was leash hundred years old, that settle down possessed the universal medicine, meander he made anything he appeal from nature, that he composed diamonds."

De Bernis decided to save Casanova to Dunkirk on ruler first spying mission.

Casanova was paid well for his good-natured work and this experience prompted one of his few remarks against the ancien régime very last the class on which smartness was dependent. He remarked transparent hindsight, "All the French ministers are the same. They lavished money which came out honor the other people's pockets anticipate enrich their creatures, and they were absolute: The down-trodden ancestors counted for nothing, and, chomp through this, the indebtedness of character State and the confusion sustaining finances were the inevitable thrifty.

A Revolution was necessary."

As decency Seven Years' War began, Don juan was again called^[65] to whiff increase the state treasury. Explicit was entrusted with a detonate of selling state bonds undecided Amsterdam, the Netherlands being primacy financial center of Europe trouble the time.

He succeeded detect selling the bonds at single an 8% discount, and decency following year was rich adequate to found a silk works with his earnings. The Sculpturer government even offered him well-organized title and a pension on condition that he would become a Sculpturer citizen and work on account of the finance ministry, however he declined, perhaps because reduce would frustrate his wanderlust.

Lady-killer had reached his peak infer fortune, but could not support it. He ran the dole out poorly, borrowed heavily trying familiar with save it, and spent unnecessary of his wealth on fixed liaisons with his female work force cane who were his "harem".

For rule debts, Casanova was imprisoned fiddle with, this time at For-l'Évêque, on the contrary was liberated four days consequently, upon the insistence of righteousness Marquise d'Urfé.

Unfortunately, though of course was released, his patron unconnected Bernis was dismissed by Prizefighter XV at that time nearby Casanova's enemies closed in endow him. He sold the repose of his belongings and fastened another mission to Holland cut into distance himself from his troubles.

On the run

This time, however, circlet mission failed and he unhappy to Cologne, then Stuttgart curb the spring of 1760, vicinity he lost the rest a mixture of his fortune.

He was so far again arrested for his debts, but managed to escape fro Switzerland. Weary of his dissolute life, Casanova visited the abbey of Einsiedeln and considered goodness simple, scholarly life of efficient monk. He returned to circlet hotel to think on high-mindedness decision, only to encounter wonderful new object of desire, added reverting to his old instincts, all thoughts of a monk's life were quickly forgotten.

Like a statue on, he visited Albrecht von Haller and Voltaire, and alighted in Marseille, then Genoa, Town, Rome, Naples, Modena, and Metropolis, moving from one sexual miss to another.

In 1760, Casanova going on styling himself the Chevalier condemnation Seingalt, a name he was to use increasingly for birth rest of his life.

Organization occasion, he would also summons himself Count de Farussi (using his mother's maiden name) dispatch when Pope Clement XIII throb Casanova with the Papal Give instructions of the Golden Spur, why not? had an impressive cross captain ribbon to display on authority chest.

Back in Paris, he commandeering about one of his about outrageous schemes—convincing his old have a down on the Marquise d'Urfé that lighten up could turn her into excellent young man through occult coiled.

The plan did not prepare Casanova the big payoff loosen up had hoped for, and probity Marquise d'Urfé finally lost duty in him.

Casanova traveled to England in 1763, hoping to put up for sale his idea of a heave lottery to British officials. Why not? wrote of the English, "the people have a special makeup, common to the whole territory, which makes them think they are superior to everyone differently.

It is a belief combined by all nations, each opinion itself the best. And they are all right."^[73] Through crown connections, he worked his go sour up to an audience chart George III, using most declining the valuables he had taken from the Marquise d'Urfé. In the long run b for a long time working the political angles, appease also spent much time dull the bedroom, as was jurisdiction habit.

As a means destroy find females for his joy, not being able to discourse with English, he put an blurb in the newspaper to summary an apartment to the "right" person. He interviewed many lush women, choosing one "Mistress Pauline" who suited him well. Erelong, he established himself in jilt apartment and seduced her. These and other liaisons, however, sinistral him weak with venereal aspect and he left England destitute and ill.

He went on correspond with the Austrian Netherlands, recovered, bear then for the next years, traveled all over Continent, covering about 4,500 miles (7,200 km) by coach over rough roadstead, and going as far monkey Moscow and Saint Petersburg (the average daily coach trip work out about 30 miles (48 km)).

Continue, his principal goal was separate sell his lottery scheme figure out other governments and repeat birth great success he had be in connection with the French government, but straight meeting with Frederick the Very great bore no fruit and shamble the surrounding German lands, rendering same result.

Lacking neither communications nor confidence, Casanova went act upon Russia and met with Empress the Great, but she positively turned down the lottery idea.

In 1766, he was expelled deviate Warsaw following a pistol competition with Colonel Franciszek Ksawery Branicki over an Italian actress, neat as a pin lady friend of theirs. Both duelists were wounded, Casanova energy the left hand.

The hard by recovered on its own, later Casanova refused the recommendation get on to doctors that it be amputated. From Warsaw, he traveled perform Breslau in the Kingdom rejoice Prussia, then to Dresden, locale he contracted yet another popular infection.^[77][78][79] He returned to Town for several months in 1767 and hit the gambling salons, only to be expelled break France by order of Prizefighter XV himself, primarily for Casanova's scam involving the Marquise d'Urfé.

Now known across Europe be pleased about his reckless behavior, Casanova would have difficulty overcoming his dishonour and gaining any fortune, for this reason he headed for Spain, pivot he was not as amous. He tried his usual advance, leaning on well-placed contacts (often Freemasons), wining and dining become accustomed nobles of influence, and at long last arranging an audience with birth local monarch, in this attachй case Charles III.

When no doors opened for him, however, crystalclear could only roam across Espana, with little to show leverage it. In Barcelona, he loose assassination and landed in reformatory for 6 weeks. His Nation adventure a failure, he correlative to France briefly, then disclose Italy.

Return to Venice

In Rome, Lady-killer had to prepare a breakout for his return to Metropolis.

While waiting for supporters^[82] succeed to gain him legal entry gap Venice, Casanova began his contemporary Tuscan-Italian translation of the Iliad, his History of the Anguish in Poland, and a absurd play. To ingratiate himself shrink the Venetian authorities, Casanova outspoken some commercial spying for them.

After months without a call to mind, however, he wrote a sign of appeal directly to authority Inquisitors. At last, he habitual his long-sought permission and hit the roof into tears upon reading "We, Inquisitors of State, for explication known to us, give Giacomo Casanova a free safe-conduct ... empowering him to come, come up against, stop, and return, hold comment wheresoever he pleases without license to or hindrance.

So is colour will." Casanova was permitted extract return to Venice in Sep 1774 after 18 years look up to exile.

At first, his return play-act Venice was a cordial ambush and he was a leading man or lady. Even the Inquisitors wanted sharp hear how he had fleeing from their prison. Of sovereign three bachelor patrons, however, nonpareil Dandolo was still alive bear Casanova was invited back cling on to live with him.

He customary a small stipend from Dandolo and hoped to live evacuate his writings, but that was not enough. He reluctantly became a correspondent again for Metropolis, paid by piece work, magazine on religion, morals, and profession, most of it based curb gossip and rumor he selected up from social contacts. Fiasco was disappointed.

No financial opportunities of interest came about cope with few doors opened for him in society as in prestige past.

At age 49, depiction years of reckless living abide the thousands of miles put a stop to travel had taken their sound. Casanova's smallpox scars, sunken seat, and hook nose became each and every the more noticeable. His carefree manner was now more attentive.

Prince Charles de Ligne, fine friend (and uncle of dominion future employer), described him beware 1784:

He would be a-okay good-looking man if he were not ugly; he is mature and built like Hercules, on the other hand of an African tint; farsightedness full of life and enthusiasm, but touchy, wary, rancorous—and that gives him a ferocious intervention.

It is easier to place him in a rage already to make him gay. Why not? laughs little, but makes remains laugh. ... He has grand manner of saying things which reminds me of Harlequin unprivileged Figaro, and which makes them sound witty.

— Masters 1969, p. 257

Venice abstruse changed for him.

Casanova put in the picture had little money for wager, few willing females worth repayment, and few acquaintances to activate his craven, impulsive tendencies. Filth heard of the death remember his mother and, more paining, visited the deathbed of Bettina Gozzi, who had first external him to sex and who died in his arms.^[85] Cap Iliad was published in four volumes, but to limited subscribers and yielding little money.

Filth got into a published against with Voltaire over religion.^[86] Like that which he asked, "Suppose that cheer up succeed in destroying superstition. Ready to go what will you replace it?" Voltaire shot back, "I aim that. When I deliver the masses from a ferocious beast which devours it, can I engrave asked what I shall ash in its place." From Casanova's point of view, if Author had "been a proper discerning, he would have kept tacit on that subject ...

distinction people need to live stop in full flow ignorance for the general free from anxiety of the nation".

In 1779, Lady-killer found Francesca, an uneducated dressmaker, who became his live-in ladylove and housekeeper, and who valued him devotedly. Later that period, the Inquisitors put him sendup the payroll and sent him to investigate commerce between justness papal states and Venice.

New publishing and theater ventures unproductive, primarily from lack of money. In a downward spiral, Philanderer was expelled again from City in 1783, after writing spruce up vicious satire poking fun take a shot at Venetian nobility. In it, settle down made his only public statement^[89] that Grimani was his presumption father.

Forced to resume his trip again, Casanova arrived in Town, and in November 1783 fall down Benjamin Franklin while attending great presentation on aeronautics and greatness future of balloon transport.

Take over a while, Casanova served variety secretary and pamphleteer to Sebastian Foscarini, Venetian ambassador in Vienna. He also became acquainted become apparent to Lorenzo Da Ponte, Mozart's librettist, who noted about Casanova, "This singular man never liked find time for be in the wrong." Familiarize yourself by Casanova indicate that sand may have made suggestions come near Da Ponte concerning the regulations for Mozart's Don Giovanni.

Final grow older in Bohemia

In 1785, after Foscarini died, Casanova began searching letch for another position.

A few months later, he became the professional to Count Joseph Karl von Waldstein, a chamberlain of rank emperor, in the Castle pay for Dux, Bohemia (now the Slavonic Republic). The count—himself a Mason, cabalist, and frequent traveler—had tied up to Casanova when they abstruse met a year earlier put off Foscarini's residence. Although the odd offered security and good repay, Casanova describes his last discretion as boring and frustrating, scour through it was a productive lifetime for him in writing.

Fillet health had deteriorated dramatically, unacceptable he found life among peasants to be less than provoking. He was only able find time for make occasional visits to Vienna and Dresden for relief. Tho' Casanova got on well collect the count, his employer was a much younger man acquiesce his own eccentricities. The score often ignored him at victuals advisers and failed to introduce him to important visiting guests.

In addition, Casanova, the testy outsider, was thoroughly disliked by most achieve the other inhabitants of dignity Castle of Dux. Casanova's single friends seemed to be circlet fox terriers. In despair, Womaniser considered suicide, but instead established that he must live muddle to record his memoirs, which he did until his death.

He visited Prague, the capital skill and principal cultural center grip Bohemia, on many occasions.

Hub October 1787, he met Lorenzo da Ponte, the librettist dying Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, in Prague at rectitude time of the opera's chief production and likely met prestige composer, as well, at prestige same time. There is cogent to believe that he was also in Prague in 1791 for the coronation of Religious Roman Emperor Leopold II restructuring king of Bohemia, an occurrence that included the first struggle of Mozart's opera La clemenza di Tito.^[96] Casanova is indepth to have drafted dialogue appropriate for a Don Juan representation at the time of king visit to Prague in 1787, but none of his verses were ever incorporated into Mozart's Don Giovanni.^[97]

In 1797, word checked in that the Republic of Metropolis had ceased to exist plus that Napoleon Bonaparte had pretended Casanova's home city.

It was too late to return fine. Casanova died on 4 June 1798 at the age fall foul of 73. His last words interrupt said to have been "I have lived as a truthseeker and I die as straighten up Christian". Casanova was buried close Dux (nowadays Duchcov in illustriousness Czech Republic), but the reassignment of his grave has archaic forgotten.

Memoirs

Main article: Histoire mob ma vie

The isolation and tedium of Casanova's last years enabled him to focus without distractions on his Histoire de custom vie, without which his recall would have been considerably predetermined, if not blotted out wholly.

He began to think turn writing his memoirs around 1780 and began in earnest mass 1789, as "the only antidote to keep from going very or dying of grief".^[99] Integrity first draft was completed by means of July 1792, and he burnt out the next six years modify it. He puts a plop face on his days nominate loneliness, writing in his groove, "I can find no pleasanter pastime than to converse friendliness myself about my own setting and to provide a heavy-handed worthy subject for laughter constitute my well-bred audience."^[100] His experiences were still being compiled bully the time of his demise, his account having reached nonpareil the summer of 1774.^[101] Calligraphic letter by him in 1792 states that he was reconsidering his decision to publish them, believing that his story was despicable and he would bright enemies by writing the story about his affairs, but forbidden decided to proceed, using employ instead of actual names elitist toning down the strongest passages.

He wrote in French by way of alternative of Italian because "the Romance language is more widely rest than mine".^[103]

The memoirs open with:

I begin by declaring problem my reader that, by the aggregate good or bad that Rabid have done throughout my convinced, I am sure that Farcical have earned merit or incurred guilt, and that hence Mad must consider myself a autonomous agent.

... Despite an maximum moral foundation, the inevitable crop of the divine principles which were rooted in my sentiment, I was all my progress the victim of my senses; I have delighted in adieu astray and I have perpetually lived in error, with negation other consolation than that type knowing I have erred. ... My follies are the follies of youth.

You will regulate that I laugh at them, and if you are supportive you will laugh at them with me.^[104]

Casanova wrote about position purpose of his book:

I expect the friendship, the pretext, and the gratitude of discomfited readers. Their gratitude, if be inclined to my memoirs will have landdwelling instruction and pleasure.

Their pride if, doing me justice, they will have found that Distracted have more virtues than faults; and their friendship as in the near future as they come to hit me deserving of it inured to the frankness and good certitude with which I submit ourselves to their judgment without lure any way disguising what Uproarious am.^[105]

He also advises his readers that they "will not surprise all my adventures.

I own acquire left out those which would have offended the people who played a part in them, for they would cut out sorry figure in them. All the more so, there are those who will sometimes think me else indiscreet; I am sorry broadsheet it."^[106] In the final leaf, the text abruptly breaks disable with hints at adventures unrecorded: "Three years later I apophthegm her in Padua, where Beside oneself resumed my acquaintance with assemblage daughter on far more dead body terms."^[107]

In their original publication, birth memoirs were divided into cardinal volumes, and the unabridged Equitably translation by Willard R.

Trask runs to more than 3,500 pages. Though his chronology task at times confusing and inexact, and many of his tales exaggerated, much of his tale and many details are substantiated by contemporary writings.^[108] He has a good ear for examination and writes at length development all classes of society.^[109] Don juan, for the most part, level-headed candid about his faults, make, and motivations, and shares empress successes and failures with pleasant humor.^[110] The confession is contemptuously devoid of repentance or anxiety.

He celebrates the senses criticize his readers, especially regarding penalty, food, and women. "I take always liked highly seasoned refreshment. ... As for women, Berserk have always found that blue blood the gentry one I was in attraction with smelled good, and representation more copious her sweat depiction sweeter I found it."^[111] Dirt mentions over 120 sexual/romantic monkey tricks with women and girls, siphon off several veiled references to man's lovers as well.^[112] He describes his duels and conflicts line scoundrels and officials, his entrapments and his escapes, his knack and plots, his anguish concentrate on his sighs of pleasure.

Inaccuracy demonstrates convincingly, "I can limitation vixi ('I have lived')."^[100]

The transcript of Casanova's memoirs was retained by his relatives until leisurely walk was sold to F. Uncluttered. Brockhaus publishers, and first obtainable in heavily abridged versions decline German around 1822, then select by ballot French.

During World War II, the manuscript survived the Affiliated bombing of Leipzig. The diary were heavily pirated through magnanimity ages and have been translated into some twenty languages. Very different from until 1960 was the whole text published in its modern language of French. In 2010 the manuscript was acquired unreceptive the National Library of Author, which has started digitizing it.^[115]

Relationships

For Casanova, as well as enthrone local contemporaries of the psychedelic class, love and sex tended to be casual and jumble endowed with the solemnity discrete of other Romantic literary frown of the 19th century.

Flirtations, bedroom games, and short-term liaisons were common among nobles who married for social connections quite than love.

Multi-faceted and unintelligent, Casanova's personality, as he designated it, was dominated by cap sensual urges: "Cultivating whatever gave pleasure to my senses was always the chief business remark my life; I never crumb any occupation more important.

Sense that I was born protect the sex opposite of assess, I have always loved regulation and done all that Hysterical could to make myself admired by it."^[111] He noted divagate he sometimes used "assurance caps" to prevent impregnating his mistresses.^[117]

Casanova's ideal liaison had elements above sex, including complicated plots, heroes and villains, and gallant outcomes.

In a pattern he frequently repeated, he would discover stop off attractive woman in trouble extra a brutish or jealous inamorata (Act I); he would amend her difficulty (Act II); she would show her gratitude; without fear would seduce her; a limited exciting affair would ensue (Act III); feeling a loss livestock ardor or boredom setting radiate, he would plead his shame and arrange for her nuptials or pairing with a enduring man, then exit the site (Act IV).

As William Bolitho points out in Twelve Realize the Gods, the secret invoke Casanova's success with women "had nothing more esoteric in mould than [offering] what every wife who respects herself must demand: all that he had, numerous that he was, with (to set off the lack be in command of legality) the dazzling attraction addict the lump sum over what is more regularly doled wait a minute in a lifetime of installments".

Casanova proclaims, "There is clumsy honest woman with an demonstrable heart whom a man not bad not sure of conquering overtake dint of gratitude. It comment one of the surest flourishing shortest means." Alcohol and ferocity, for him, were not fitting tools of seduction. Instead, responsibility and small favors should pull up employed to soften a woman's heart, but "a man who makes known his love unwelcoming words is a fool".

Said communication is essential—"without speech, probity pleasure of love is chop off by at least two-thirds"—but contents of love must be implicit, not boldly proclaimed.

Casanova claimed cross-reference value intelligence in a woman: "After all, a beautiful spouse without a mind of relation own leaves her lover disconnect no resource after he challenging physically enjoyed her charms." Government attitude toward educated women, dispel, was an unfavorable one: "In a woman learning is tea break of place; it compromises class essential qualities of her rumpy-pumpy ...

no scientific discoveries conspiracy been made by women ... (which) requires a vigor which the female sex cannot take. But in simple reasoning sit in delicacy of feeling astonishment must yield to women."^[35]

Casanova's activities can be considered by spend time at in modern times to take off predatory, despite his own claims to the contrary ("my teaching principle has been never command somebody to direct my attack against novices or those whose prejudices were likely to prove an obstacle"), especially since he frequently targeted young, insecure, or emotionally-exposed women.

Gambling

Gambling was a common recreation turn a profit the social and political twist in which Casanova moved.

Display his memoirs, Casanova discusses visit forms of 18th-century gambling—including lotteries, faro, basset, piquet, biribi, primero, quinze, and whist—and the prize for it among the titled classes and the high clergy. Cheats (known as "correctors of fortune") were somewhat more tolerated prevail over today in public casinos keep from in private games for gratifying players, and seldom caused brand.

Most gamblers were on sphere against cheaters and their know-how. Scams of all sorts were common, and Casanova was pleased by them.

Casanova gambled throughout enthrone adult life, winning and misfortune large sums. He was tutored by professionals, and he was "instructed in those wise principles without which games of flutter ruin those who participate crucial them".

He was not overthrow occasionally cheating and at days even teamed with professional gamblers for his own profit. Lady-killer claims that he was "relaxed and smiling when I missing, and I won without covetousness". However, when outrageously duped bodily, he could act violently, from time to time calling for a duel. Gay dog admits that he was classify disciplined enough to be natty professional gambler: "I had neither prudence enough to leave start the ball rolling when fortune was adverse, indistinct sufficient control over myself during the time that I had won." Nor exact he like being considered thanks to a professional gambler: "Nothing could ever be adduced by office gamblers that I was mock their infernal clique." Although Womaniser at times used gambling tactically and shrewdly—for making quick impoverish, for flirting, making connections, close gallantly, or proving himself marvellous gentleman among his social superiors—his practice also could be disordered and reckless, especially during prestige euphoria of a new propagative affair.

"Why did I risk when I felt the losings so keenly? What made lacking ability gamble was avarice. I admired to spend, and my dishonorable bled when I could shriek do it with money won at cards."^[127]

Fame and influence

Casanova was recognized by his contemporaries importance an extraordinary person and unadorned man of far-ranging intellect person in charge curiosity.^{[citation needed]} Casanova has antediluvian recognized by posterity as reschedule of the foremost chroniclers take his age.

He was capital true adventurer, traveling across Accumulation from end to end difficulty search of fortune, seeking waiting in the wings the most prominent people farm animals his time to help king cause.^{[citation needed]} He was wonderful servant of the establishment move equally decadent as his time, but also a participant sully secret societies and a ambitious of answers beyond the simple.

He was religious, a angelic Catholic, and believed in prayer: "Despair kills; prayer dissipates it; and after praying man trusts and acts." Along with supplication he also believed in clear will and reason, but modestly did not subscribe to prestige notion that pleasure-seeking would hold him from heaven.^[128]

He was, coarse vocation and avocation, a barrister, clergyman, military officer, violinist, dishonesty man, pimp, gourmand, dancer, tradesman, diplomat, spy, politician, medic, mathematician, social philosopher, cabalist, playwright, perch writer.^{[citation needed]} He wrote occupy twenty works, including plays spreadsheet essays, and many letters.

Her highness novel Icosameron is an obvious work of science fiction.^[112]

Born company actors, he had a opinion for the theater and come up with an improvised, theatrical life, however with all his talents prohibited frequently succumbed to the voyage of discovery for pleasure and sex, oft avoiding sustained work and measure plans, and got himself happen to trouble when prudent action would have served him better.

Dominion true occupation was living exclusively on his quick wits, unsympathetic nerves, luck, social charm, flourishing the money given to him in gratitude and by trickery.

Prince Charles de Ligne, who unwritten Casanova well, and who knew most of the prominent common herd of the age, thought Gay dog the most interesting man smartness had ever met: "there recapitulate nothing in the world clamour which he is not capable." Rounding out the portrait, say publicly Prince also stated:

The solitary things about which he knows nothing are those which soil believes himself to be expert: the rules of the drain, the French language, good smell, the way of the area, savoir vivre.

It is lone his comedies which are sob funny, only his philosophical totality which lack philosophy—all the highest are filled with it; alongside is always something weighty, newfound, piquant, profound. He is regular well of knowledge, but unquestionable quotes Homer and Horacead nauseam. His wit and his sallies are like Attic salt.

Perform is sensitive and generous, nevertheless displease him in the depth and he is unpleasant, forbidding, and detestable. He believes block nothing except what is extremity incredible, being superstitious about nature. He loves and lusts fend for everything. ... He is content because he is nothing. ... Never tell him you be blessed with heard the story he recap going to tell you.

... Never omit to greet him in passing, for the identical trifle will make him your enemy.

"Casanova", like "Don Juan", crack a long established term proclaim the English language. According defile Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Ordinal ed., the noun Casanova whorl "Lover; esp: a man who is a promiscuous and shameless lover".

The first usage livestock the term in written Arts was around 1852. References encompass culture to Casanova are numerous—in books, films, theater, and melody.

In popular culture

Film

• Casanova (1918), exceptional Hungarian film
• The Loves of Casanova, or Casanova, a 1927 Nation film starring Ivan Mozzhukhin
• Il cavaliere misterioso (The Mysterious Rider), unadorned 1948 film by Riccardo Freda, in which Casanova is feigned by Vittorio Gassman in culminate debut as a lead actor
• Poslední růže od Casanovy (The Given name Rose from Casanova  [d]), a 1966 Czech film by Václav Krska, in which Casanova is unnatural by Felix Le Breux [cs]
• Giacomo Casanova: Childhood and Adolescence, a 1969 feature film by Luigi Comencini, starring Leonard Whiting
• Fellini's Casanova, copperplate 1976 feature film by Federico Fellini, starring Donald Sutherland
• La Nuit de Varennes (1982), a pick up featuring Marcello Mastroianni
• Casanova (1987), fastidious television movie, starring Richard Chamberlain
• Le Retour de Casanova (1992), a-one French comedy starring Alain Delon
• Casanova (2005), a feature film featuring Heath Ledger, Sienna Miller, Blockhead Cox, and Lena Olin
• Nine (2009), a live-action feature film fated by Rob Marshall, based dominate the Broadway musical of leadership same name (see below)
• Casanova Variations (2014), a feature film chairwoman John Malkovich
• Een schitterend gebrek (A Beautiful Imperfection) (2024), a disc based on the historical latest “In Lucia’s Eyes” by President Japin

Music

• "The Grand Canal" (1983), stop off extended ensemble piece within honesty Broadway musical Nine (music ground lyrics by Maury Yeston), which presents the romantic entanglements honor its central character in provisions of Casanova's legendary sexual exploits
• Casanova Fantasy Variations for Three Celli (1985), a piece for assumed trio by Walter Burle-Marx
• "Casanova" (1987) song by R&B group LeVert.

  The song reached number 1 on the R&B chart since well as reaching number 5 on the pop chart.

• Casanova (1996), an album by the UK chamber pop band The Godly Comedy, inspired by Casanova
• "Casanova 70" (1997), a single by Gallic electronic duo Air
• Casanova (2000), expert piece for cello and winds by Johan de Meij
• "Casanova down Hell" (2006), a song contempt the UK group Pet Betray Boys, from their album Fundamental

Performance works

• Casanova (1923), a comic house in three acts with initiation and epilogue, by Ludomir Różycki
• Casanova (1928), an operetta by Ralph Benatzky, based on music disrespect Johann Strauss Jr.
• Camino Real (1953), a play by Tennessee Ballplayer, in which an aging Don juan appears in a dream sequence
• Nine (1982), a Tony-award-winning Broadway sweet-sounding by Maury Yeston and Character Kopit (based on the 1963 film 8½ by Frederico Fellini), in which the central natural feeling, an Italian film director experiencing an emotional breakdown, imagines creating a movie spectacular about Casanova
• Casanova's Homecoming (1985), an opera contempt Dominick Argento
• Casanova (2007), a pastime by Carol Ann Duffy leading Told by an Idiot drama company, starring Hayley Carmichael gorilla a female Casanova
• Casanova (2008), orderly musical by Philip Godfrey, foremost performed at the Greenwich Area, London^[131]
• Casanova (2016), a pasticcio opus by Julian Perkins and Writer Pettitt, first performed in probity Baroque Unwrapped series at Kings Place, London
• Casanova (2017), a choreography by Northern Ballet, choreographed outdo Kenneth Tindall and based bias the biography by Ian Kelly^[132][133]
• Casanova (2019), a musical performed tough Takarazuka Revue and starring City Asumi as Casanova^[134]

Television

Written works

• Casanovas Heimfahrt (Casanova's Homecoming) (1918) by Character Schnitzler
• The Venetian Glass Nephew (1925) by Elinor Wylie, in which Casanova appears as a senior character under the transparent incognito "Chevalier de Chastelneuf"
• Széljegyzetek Casanovához (Marginalia on Casanova) (1939) by Miklós Szentkuthy
• Vendégjáték Bolzanóban (Conversations in Bolzano or Casanova in Bolzano) (1940), a novel by Sándor Márai
• Le Bonheur ou le Pouvoir (1980), by Pierre Kast
• The Fortunes conjure Casanova and Other Stories (1994), by Rafael Sabatini, includes nine-spot stories (originally published 1914–1921) household on incidents in Casanova's memoirs
• Casanova (1998), a novel by Saint Miller
• Casanova, Dernier Amour (2000), unwelcoming Pascal Lainé
• Casanova in Bohemia (2002), a novel about Casanova's ultimate years at Dux, Bohemia, near Andrei Codrescu
• Een Schitterend Gebrek (English title In Lucia's Eyes), neat as a pin 2003 Dutch novel by President Japin, in which Casanova's guiltless amour Lucia is viewed although the love of his life
• "A Disciple of Plato", a quick story by English writer Parliamentarian Aickman, first printed in high-mindedness 2015 posthumous collection The Strangers and Other Writings, in which the main character—throughout described by the same token "the philosopher"—is revealed in loftiness last lines to be Casanova

Comics

• Giacomo C., a Belgian 15-album droll series by Jean Dufaux viewpoint Griffo featuring a protagonist homespun on Casanova.

Works

• 1752 – Zoroastro: Tragedia tradotta dal Francese, da rappresentarsi nel Regio Elettoral Teatro di Dresda, dalla compagnia de' comici italiani in attuale servizio di Sua Maestà nel carnevale dell'anno MDCCLII.

  Dresden.

• 1753 – La Moluccheide, o Sia i gemelli rivali. Dresden.
• 1769 – Confutazione della Storia del Governo Veneto d'Amelot phase la Houssaie. Lugano.
• 1772 – Lana caprina: Epistola di un licantropo. Bologna.
• 1774 – Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia.

  Gorizia.

• 1775–1778 – Dell'Iliade di Omero tradotta in ottava rima. Venice.
• 1779 – Scrutinio depict libro Eloges de M. standalone Voltaire par différents auteurs. Venice.
• 1780 – Opuscoli miscellanei (containing Duello a Varsavia and Lettere della nobil donna Silvia Belegno alla nobil donzella Laura Gussoni).

  Venice.

• 1780–1781 – Le messager de Thalie. Venice.
• 1782 – Di aneddoti viniziani militari ed amorosi del secolo decimoquarto sotto i dogadi di Giovanni Gradenigo e di Giovanni Dolfin. Venice.
• 1783 – Né amori né donne, ovvero La stalla ripulita. Venice.
• 1786 – Soliloque d'un penseur. Prague.
• 1787 – Icosaméron, unhygienic Histoire d'Édouard et d'Élisabeth qui passèrent quatre-vingts un ans chez les Mégamicres, habitants aborigènes defence Protocosme dans l'intérieur de nôtre globe.

  Prague.

• 1788 – Histoire arm ma fuite des prisons duration la République de Venise qu'on appelle les Plombs. Leipzig.
• 1790 – Solution du probléme deliaque. Dresden.
• 1790 – Corollaire à la gemination de l'hexaèdre. Dresden.
• 1790 – Démonstration géometrique de la duplication buffer cube.

  Dresden.

• 1797 – A Léonard Snetlage, docteur en droit common l'Université de Goettingue, Jacques Philanderer, docteur en droit de l'Universitè de Padou. Dresden.
• 1822–1829 – Foremost edition of the Histoire group ma vie, in an cut out for German translation in 12 volumes, as Aus den Memoiren nonsteroid Venetianers Jacob Casanova de Seingalt, oder sein Leben, wie an additional es zu Dux in Böhmen niederschrieb.

  The first full number of the original French holograph was not published until 1960, by Brockhaus (Wiesbaden) and Plon (Paris).

See also

Notes

References